School of Health Sciences, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, VIC 3122, Australia.
School of Allied Health, Human Services and Sport, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia.
Nutrients. 2022 Apr 8;14(8):1557. doi: 10.3390/nu14081557.
Metabolic syndrome (MS) is associated with a range of chronic diseases, for which lifestyle interventions are considered the cornerstone of treatment. Dietary interventions have primarily focused on weight reduction, usually via energy restricted diets. While this strategy can improve insulin sensitivity and other health markers, weight loss alone is not always effective in addressing all risk factors associated with MS. Previous studies have identified diet quality as a key factor in reducing the risk of MS independent of weight loss. Additionally, supporting evidence for the use of novel strategies such as carbohydrate restriction and modifying the frequency and timing of meals is growing. It is well established that dietary assessment tools capable of identifying dietary patterns known to increase the risk of MS are essential for the development of personalised, targeted diet and lifestyle advice. The American Heart Association (AHA) recently evaluated the latest in a variety of assessment tools, recommending three that demonstrate the highest evidence-based and clinical relevance. However, such tools may not assess and thus identify all dietary and eating patterns associated with MS development and treatment, especially those which are new and emerging. This paper offers a review of current dietary assessment tools recommended for use by the AHA to assess dietary and eating patterns associated with MS development. We discuss how these recommendations align with recent and novel evidence on the benefits of restricting ultra-processed food and refined carbohydrates and modifying timing and frequency of meals. Finally, we provide recommendations for future redevelopment of these tools to be deployed in health care settings.
代谢综合征（MS）与一系列慢性疾病有关，生活方式干预被认为是治疗的基石。饮食干预主要侧重于减轻体重，通常通过限制能量的饮食。虽然这种策略可以提高胰岛素敏感性和其他健康指标，但体重减轻本身并不总是有效，可以解决与 MS 相关的所有风险因素。以前的研究已经确定了饮食质量是降低 MS 风险的关键因素，而与体重减轻无关。此外，支持使用新型策略的证据越来越多，例如限制碳水化合物和改变进餐的频率和时间。人们已经充分认识到，能够识别已知增加 MS 风险的饮食模式的饮食评估工具对于制定个性化、有针对性的饮食和生活方式建议至关重要。美国心脏协会（AHA）最近评估了各种评估工具中的最新工具，推荐了三种具有最高循证和临床相关性的工具。然而，这些工具可能无法评估和识别与 MS 发展和治疗相关的所有饮食和进食模式，尤其是那些新出现的模式。本文回顾了 AHA 推荐用于评估与 MS 发展相关的饮食和进食模式的当前饮食评估工具。我们讨论了这些建议如何与最近关于限制超加工食品和精制碳水化合物以及改变进餐时间和频率的益处的新证据相一致。最后，我们为这些工具的未来重新开发提供了建议，以便在医疗保健环境中使用。
