Rajapakse R M Gamini, Watkins Davita L, Ranathunge Tharindu A, Malikaramage A U, Gunarathna H M N P, Sandakelum Lahiru, Wylie Shane, Abewardana P G P R, Egodawele M G S A M E W D D K, Herath W H M R N K, Bandara Sanjaya V, Strongin Daniel R, Attanayake Nuwan Harsha, Velauthapillai Dhayalan, Horrocks Benjamin R
Department of Chemistry, University of Peradeniya Peradeniya 20400 Sri Lanka
Department of Chemistry, The University of Mississippi 322 Coulter Hall University MS USA.
RSC Adv. 2022 Apr 20;12(19):12089-12115. doi: 10.1039/d2ra01176j. eCollection 2022 Apr 13.
Electropolymerization has become a convenient method for synthesizing and characterizing complex organic copolymers having intrinsic electronic conductivity, including the donor (D)-acceptor (A) class of electronically conducting polymers (ECPs). This review begins with an introduction to the electrosynthesis of common second-generation ECPs. The information obtainable from electroanalytical studies, charge carriers such as polarons (positive and negative) and bipolarons (positive and negative) and doping will be discussed. The evolutionary chain of ECPs is then presented. ECPs comprising electron-rich D and electron-deficient A moieties have been shown to possess intrinsic electronic conductivity and unique optical and electronic properties. They are third generation ECPs and electropolymerization of mixtures of D and A leads to stoichiometrically controlled block copolymers. These D-A type ECPs are discussed on the basis of selected representative materials. Since the discovery of electropolymerization as a powerful tool to synthesize copolymers of conjugated monomers with a pre-determined ratio of D and A repeat units present in the polymer, the field of D-A type ECPs has grown considerably and the literature available since 2004 to 2021 is summarized and tabulated. Electronic and optical properties of the materials determined by computational chemistry are presented. The data obtained from electrochemical and optical methods are compared with those obtained from computational methods and reasons for discrepancies are given. The literature on the concept of electropolymerization extended to synthesizing triblock and many-block copolymers is reviewed. Finally, applications of D-A polymers in optoelectronic devices (organic solar cells and field-effect transistors) and in bio-imaging are explained quoting appropriate examples.
电聚合已成为一种方便的方法，用于合成和表征具有本征电子导电性的复杂有机共聚物，包括供体（D）-受体（A）类导电聚合物（ECP）。本综述首先介绍常见第二代ECP的电合成。将讨论可从电分析研究中获得的信息、诸如极化子（正和负）和双极化子（正和负）等电荷载流子以及掺杂。然后介绍ECP的发展历程。已证明包含富电子D和缺电子A部分的ECP具有本征电子导电性以及独特的光学和电子性质。它们是第三代ECP，D和A混合物的电聚合导致化学计量控制的嵌段共聚物。基于选定的代表性材料讨论这些D-A型ECP。自从发现电聚合作为一种强大工具来合成聚合物中具有预先确定比例的D和A重复单元的共轭单体共聚物以来，D-A型ECP领域有了显著发展，并对2004年至2021年以来的可用文献进行了总结和列表。介绍了通过计算化学确定的材料的电子和光学性质。将电化学和光学方法获得的数据与计算方法获得的数据进行比较，并给出差异的原因。综述了关于电聚合概念扩展到合成三嵌段和多嵌段共聚物的文献。最后，引用适当的例子解释了D-A聚合物在光电器件（有机太阳能电池和场效应晶体管）以及生物成像中的应用。
