Key Lab of Urban Environment and Human Health, Ningbo Observation and Research Station, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China.
CERIS, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal.
Environ Sci Technol. 2022 May 17;56(10):6415-6425. doi: 10.1021/acs.est.1c08238. Epub 2022 May 3.
International food trade is fundamental to global food security but with often negative consequences in the producing country. We propose a method of quantifying flows of inorganic arsenic (iAs) and embedded increased lifetime cancer risks (EHR) at a global scale, where negative impacts are felt on the importing country. Computations were made for 153 countries. Vietnam exports the most iAs embedded in rice (796 kg/year) followed by India (788 kg/year), Thailand (485 kg/year), and the United States (323 kg/year). We show that continental China, Indonesia, and Malaysia have the highest imports of iAs (292, 174, and 123 kg/year, respectively). Bangladesh ranks highest in EHR followed by Vietnam and Cambodia (150, 141, and 111 per 100,000, respectively). Countries that depend exclusively on imported rice are importing a substantial amount of risk, as, e.g., Kiribati and Solomon Islands (57 and 53 per 100,000, respectively). We discuss the potential policy options for reducing population dietary health risks by well-balanced apportioning of rice sources. This study targets policy design solutions based on health gains, rather than on safe levels of the risk factor alone.
国际食品贸易对全球粮食安全至关重要，但在生产国往往带来负面影响。我们提出了一种在全球范围内量化无机砷（iAs）流动和嵌入的终身癌症风险增加（EHR）的方法，在进口国感受到负面影响。计算针对 153 个国家进行。越南出口的大米中嵌入的 iAs 最多（796 千克/年），其次是印度（788 千克/年）、泰国（485 千克/年）和美国（323 千克/年）。我们表明，中国大陆、印度尼西亚和马来西亚进口的 iAs 最多（分别为 292、174 和 123 千克/年）。孟加拉国的 EHR 最高，其次是越南和柬埔寨（分别为 150、141 和 111/每 10 万人）。完全依赖进口大米的国家正在进口大量风险，例如基里巴斯和所罗门群岛（分别为 57 和 53/每 10 万人）。我们讨论了通过均衡分配大米来源来降低人口饮食健康风险的潜在政策选择。本研究针对的是基于健康收益的政策设计解决方案，而不仅仅是基于风险因素的安全水平。
