Indarwati Ferika, Munday Judy, Keogh Samantha
School of Nursing and Centre for Healthcare Transformation, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
School of Nursing, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta, Yogyakarta, Indonesia.
Int J Nurs Sci. 2022 Mar 15;9(2):179-186. doi: 10.1016/j.ijnss.2022.03.005. eCollection 2022 Apr.
This study aimed to describe the translation process and establish the validity of the three instruments in Indonesian to assess pediatric peripheral intravenous catheter (PIVC) insertion and care practices.
The six-step forward and backward translation method was used to translate the adapted questionnaires. The English version questionnaires included the point prevalence audit checklist, the nurse survey consisting of the nurse PIVC knowledge questionnaire and the nurse PIVC confidence questionnaire, plus a Patient/parent Experience Survey. Data collection was conducted in Indonesia between October 2019 and February 2020. In total, there were six translators (two for each instrument), nine-panel vascular access experts (three for each instrument), and 30 participants (ten for each instrument) of the target population involved in the translation and validation of the three instruments. Three-panel experts rated the content relevance of each instrument using a four-point rating scale. Item level and scale level content validity index and kappa index were calculated. Ten-panel members of the target population evaluated each questionnaire regarding feasibility, clarity, logical sequence, and formatting. Qualitative comments from the panel were also reviewed.
The translation process indicated relatively low discrepancies between translators except for semantic equivalence. There were nine, eight, and one semantic discrepancies found in the forward translation of the point prevalence audit checklist, nurse survey, and patient/parent experience survey. The semantic discrepancies were less prevalent in the backward translation, with only one, three, and two items reported during the process. The item validity index for all of the three instruments showed relatively high agreement between experts (I-CVI > 0.78, S-CVI/Ave >0.90, S-CVI/UA > 0.70, and kappa index >0.74). The face validity was established with the panel reporting that the three instruments were easy to understand and presented logically. However, some re-formatting of the nurse survey and patient/parent experience survey were needed to avoid ambiguity and confusion for the participants.
The results indicate that the translated three survey instruments that had been widely used in other developed countries show good content validity in the Indonesian context. They can be used as a reference for further testing in different countries and contribute to understanding the pediatric PIVC audit tools used in future clinical research.
本研究旨在描述翻译过程，并确定三种用于评估印度尼西亚儿科外周静脉导管（PIVC）插入和护理操作的工具的有效性。
采用六步正向和反向翻译方法对改编后的问卷进行翻译。英文版本的问卷包括现患率审核清单、由护士PIVC知识问卷和护士PIVC信心问卷组成的护士调查问卷，以及患者/家长体验调查问卷。2019年10月至2020年2月在印度尼西亚进行数据收集。共有六名翻译人员（每种工具两名）、九名血管通路专家小组（每种工具三名）以及30名目标人群参与者（每种工具十名）参与了这三种工具的翻译和验证。三名专家小组使用四点量表对每种工具的内容相关性进行评分。计算项目层面和量表层面的内容效度指数以及kappa指数。十名目标人群小组成员对每份问卷的可行性、清晰度、逻辑顺序和格式进行评估。还审查了小组的定性意见。
翻译过程表明，除语义等效性外，翻译人员之间的差异相对较小。在现患率审核清单、护士调查问卷和患者/家长体验调查问卷的正向翻译中分别发现了9处、8处和1处语义差异。语义差异在反向翻译中不太常见，在此过程中仅报告了1项、3项和2项。所有三种工具的项目效度指数显示专家之间的一致性相对较高（I-CVI>0.78，S-CVI/Ave>0.90，S-CVI/UA>0.70，kappa指数>0.74）。通过小组报告这三种工具易于理解且逻辑清晰，确立了表面效度。然而，需要对护士调查问卷和患者/家长体验调查问卷进行一些重新排版，以避免参与者产生歧义或困惑。
结果表明，在其他发达国家广泛使用的这三种翻译后的调查问卷在印度尼西亚背景下具有良好的内容效度。它们可作为在不同国家进一步测试的参考，并有助于理解未来临床研究中使用的儿科PIVC审核工具。
