Miyake Makito, Tatsumi Yoshihiro, Ohnishi Kenta, Fujii Tomomi, Nakai Yasushi, Tanaka Nobumichi, Fujimoto Kiyohide
Department of Urology, Kashihara, Nara, 634-8522, Japan.
Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Kashihara, Nara, 634-8522, Japan.
Prostate Int. 2022 Jun;10(2):96-107. doi: 10.1016/j.prnil.2022.03.004. Epub 2022 Mar 29.
The microbiome in various organs involves a vast network that plays a key role in the health and wellness of the human body. With recent advances in biological technologies such as high-throughput sequencing, transcriptomics, and metabolomics, it appears that the microbial signature varies dynamically among individuals, creating various roles in metabolism, local and systemic inflammation, and host immunity. Urinary and genital organs, including the prostate, seminal vesicles, and urinary bladder, are reservoirs of several bacterial, viral, and fungal communities. Accumulating evidence has suggested profound roles for the gut, urinary, and intraprostate microbiomes in genitourinary benign and malignant diseases. This review article addresses microbiome-related evidence for three major diseases involved in prostate cancer: chronic prostatitis (CP), benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), and prostate cancer (PCa). Symptomatic CP is known as CP/chronic pelvic pain syndrome. CP is one of the most common prostate diseases in young men, accounting for 8% of all men visiting a urologic clinic. Although oral medication is the gold standard therapy for patients with BPH, approximately 13% of men present with clinical progression within 4 years after the initiation of treatment, with 5% requiring surgical intervention. The identification of proinflammatory cytokines and pathogens responsible for the clinical progression of BPH is still underway. Several topics regarding the association between PCa and the microbiome are discussed in this review as follows: i) intraprostatic microbiome and the risk of PCa, ii) gut microbiome and PCa, iii) gut microbiome and the risk of radiation-induced side effects, iv) isoflavone intake and equol-producing intestinal flora on PCa, and v) the inhibitory effect of daidzein and equol on tumor growth and progression of PCa. Further studies are required for a comprehensive understanding between the urogenital microbiome and prostate pathogenesis to facilitate the development of preventive and therapeutic approaches for prostate diseases.
人体各器官中的微生物群涉及一个庞大的网络，该网络对人体健康起着关键作用。随着高通量测序、转录组学和代谢组学等生物技术的最新进展，微生物特征似乎在个体之间动态变化，在新陈代谢、局部和全身炎症以及宿主免疫中发挥着各种作用。泌尿和生殖器官，包括前列腺、精囊和膀胱，是多个细菌、病毒和真菌群落的储存库。越来越多的证据表明，肠道、泌尿和前列腺内微生物群在泌尿生殖系统良性和恶性疾病中发挥着重要作用。这篇综述文章阐述了与前列腺癌相关的三种主要疾病——慢性前列腺炎（CP）、良性前列腺增生（BPH）和前列腺癌（PCa）——的微生物群相关证据。有症状的CP被称为CP/慢性盆腔疼痛综合征。CP是年轻男性中最常见的前列腺疾病之一，占所有泌尿科门诊男性患者的8%。虽然口服药物是BPH患者的金标准治疗方法，但约13%的男性在开始治疗后4年内出现临床进展，其中5%需要手术干预。目前仍在确定导致BPH临床进展的促炎细胞因子和病原体。本综述如下讨论了几个关于PCa与微生物群之间关联的主题：i）前列腺内微生物群与PCa风险，ii）肠道微生物群与PCa，iii）肠道微生物群与辐射诱导副作用的风险，iv）异黄酮摄入和产雌马酚肠道菌群对PCa的影响，以及v）大豆苷元和雌马酚对PCa肿瘤生长和进展的抑制作用。为了全面了解泌尿生殖微生物群与前列腺发病机制之间的关系，以促进前列腺疾病预防和治疗方法的发展，还需要进一步的研究。
