Department of Urology, University of Texas Health Science Center, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA.
Curr Urol Rep. 2019 Sep 7;20(10):66. doi: 10.1007/s11934-019-0922-4.
There is an abundance of evidence that the human microbiome plays an important and nuanced role in controlling human metabolism, immunity, and cancer. Herein we aim to review the most current research looking at prostate cancer and its link with the gut and genitourinary microbiome. There is now a host of evidence for a unique genitourinary (GU) microbiome. The prostate microbiota, to include viral, bacterial, fungal, and parasitic contributions, as assessed from formalin-fixed tissue is described nicely in the study by Banerjee et al. Further hierarchical analysis by this group found a unique microbiome signature for higher Gleason score cancers and validation PCR studies noted a marked number of viral genomic insertions into host DNA. Shretha et al. also recently established unique GU microbiomes in patients with prostate cancer or benign prostate pathology based on urine samples. The gut microbiome likely also has an indirect but significant role in prostate cancer development and treatment. Liss et al. and Golombos et al. found significant associations between specific gut microbiota and prostate cancer. Interestingly, the balance of inflammatory and anti-inflammatory bacterial lipopolysaccharides, production of bile salts, and metabolism of dietary fiber to short chain fatty acids all likely play important roles in creating systemic pro- or anti-carcinogenic states. In terms of prostate cancer treatment effects, Sfanos et al. noted a unique microbial signature in patients undergoing oral androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) as compared with prostate cancer patients not on ADT. Patients undergoing ADT also had enrichment of bacterial metabolic pathways promoting androgen synthesis. Together, these studies have identified a unique GU microbiome and linked both the GU microbiome and unique gut microbial signatures with prostate cancer and prostate cancer treatments. Whether this information can be used in cancer prevention, treatment, or diagnosis are areas of ongoing and active research.
有大量证据表明，人类微生物组在控制人类新陈代谢、免疫和癌症方面发挥着重要而微妙的作用。在此，我们旨在回顾最新的研究，探讨前列腺癌及其与肠道和泌尿生殖系统微生物组的关系。现在有大量证据表明泌尿生殖系统（GU）存在独特的微生物组。Banerjee 等人的研究很好地描述了前列腺微生物群，包括病毒、细菌、真菌和寄生虫的贡献，这些是从福尔马林固定组织中评估的。该小组进一步进行分层分析，发现高 Gleason 评分癌症具有独特的微生物组特征，并通过验证 PCR 研究注意到大量病毒基因组插入宿主 DNA。Shretha 等人最近还根据尿液样本在前列腺癌或良性前列腺病变患者中建立了独特的 GU 微生物组。肠道微生物组可能也在前列腺癌的发展和治疗中起着间接但重要的作用。Liss 等人和 Golombos 等人发现特定肠道微生物组与前列腺癌之间存在显著关联。有趣的是，炎症和抗炎性细菌脂多糖的平衡、胆汁盐的产生以及膳食纤维代谢为短链脂肪酸，所有这些都可能在产生全身促癌或抗癌状态方面发挥重要作用。就前列腺癌治疗效果而言，Sfanos 等人注意到接受口服雄激素剥夺疗法（ADT）的患者与未接受 ADT 的前列腺癌患者相比具有独特的微生物特征。接受 ADT 的患者还具有促进雄激素合成的细菌代谢途径的富集。总之，这些研究确定了独特的 GU 微生物组，并将 GU 微生物组和独特的肠道微生物组特征与前列腺癌及其前列腺癌治疗联系起来。这些信息是否可用于癌症预防、治疗或诊断是正在进行的和活跃的研究领域。
