Nutritional Health Research Center, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran.
Nephro-Urology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
Biometals. 2022 Aug;35(4):711-728. doi: 10.1007/s10534-022-00395-4. Epub 2022 May 16.
Breast milk is a complete food for the development of the newborn, but it can also be an important route for environmental pollutants transmission to the infants. This study was aimed to evaluate the status of heavy metals including lead (Pb), mercury (Hg), cadmium (Cd) and arsenic (As) in the breast milk of Iranian mothers. The international databases including Scopus, PubMed, Web of Science and the Persian electronic databases including Scientific Information Database, IranMedex and Magiran were examined to find relevant articles published until July 2021. A total of 23 studies examined the levels of toxic metals in Iranian breast milk samples. According to the findings, the pooled average concentrations (µg/L) of Pb, Cd, Hg and As were 25.61, 2.40, 1.29 and 1.16, respectively. The concentration of Hg and Pb in colostrum milk was more than twice of mature milk. The Hg mean concentration in the breast milk of mothers with at least one amalgam-filled tooth was approximately three times that of mothers without amalgam-filled teeth. Risk assessment analysis indicated that the intake of Pb and Hg by infants through breastfeeding can be considered a health concern in Iran. It seems necessary to reduce the Pb exposure of pregnant and lactating women in Iran. However, more extensive studies are needed to clarify the toxic metals' exposure status of infants through breast milk in other parts of the country.
母乳是新生儿发育的完全食物，但它也可能是环境污染物向婴儿传播的重要途径。本研究旨在评估包括铅（Pb）、汞（Hg）、镉（Cd）和砷（As）在内的重金属在伊朗母亲母乳中的状况。本研究检索了 Scopus、PubMed、Web of Science 等国际数据库以及 Scientific Information Database、IranMedex 和 Magiran 等波斯语电子数据库，以查找截至 2021 年 7 月发表的相关文章。共有 23 项研究检查了伊朗母乳样本中有毒金属的水平。研究结果表明，Pb、Cd、Hg 和 As 的合并平均浓度（µg/L）分别为 25.61、2.40、1.29 和 1.16。初乳中 Hg 和 Pb 的浓度是成熟乳的两倍多。至少有一颗汞合金填充牙的母亲的母乳中 Hg 平均浓度大约是没有汞合金填充牙的母亲的三倍。风险评估分析表明，婴儿通过母乳喂养摄入 Pb 和 Hg 可能是伊朗的一个健康问题。似乎有必要减少伊朗孕妇和哺乳期妇女的 Pb 暴露。然而，还需要开展更多的研究，以阐明该国其他地区婴儿通过母乳摄入有毒金属的暴露状况。
