Tian Taoran, Li Yanjing, Lin Yunfeng
State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, P. R. China.
Department of Prosthodontics, Tianjin Medical University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Tianjin, 300070, P. R. China.
Bone Res. 2022 May 23;10(1):40. doi: 10.1038/s41413-022-00212-1.
The physicochemical nature of DNA allows the assembly of highly predictable structures via several fabrication strategies, which have been applied to make breakthroughs in various fields. Moreover, DNA nanostructures are regarded as materials with excellent editability and biocompatibility for biomedical applications. The ongoing maintenance and release of new DNA structure design tools ease the work and make large and arbitrary DNA structures feasible for different applications. However, the nature of DNA nanostructures endows them with several stimulus-responsive mechanisms capable of responding to biomolecules, such as nucleic acids and proteins, as well as biophysical environmental parameters, such as temperature and pH. Via these mechanisms, stimulus-responsive dynamic DNA nanostructures have been applied in several biomedical settings, including basic research, active drug delivery, biosensor development, and tissue engineering. These applications have shown the versatility of dynamic DNA nanostructures, with unignorable merits that exceed those of their traditional counterparts, such as polymers and metal particles. However, there are stability, yield, exogenous DNA, and ethical considerations regarding their clinical translation. In this review, we first introduce the recent efforts and discoveries in DNA nanotechnology, highlighting the uses of dynamic DNA nanostructures in biomedical applications. Then, several dynamic DNA nanostructures are presented, and their typical biomedical applications, including their use as DNA aptamers, ion concentration/pH-sensitive DNA molecules, DNA nanostructures capable of strand displacement reactions, and protein-based dynamic DNA nanostructures, are discussed. Finally, the challenges regarding the biomedical applications of dynamic DNA nanostructures are discussed.
DNA的物理化学性质允许通过几种制造策略组装高度可预测的结构，这些策略已被应用于在各个领域取得突破。此外，DNA纳米结构被认为是具有出色可编辑性和生物相容性的材料，可用于生物医学应用。不断维护和发布新的DNA结构设计工具简化了工作，并使大型任意DNA结构适用于不同应用成为可能。然而，DNA纳米结构的性质赋予它们几种能够响应生物分子（如核酸和蛋白质）以及生物物理环境参数（如温度和pH值）的刺激响应机制。通过这些机制，刺激响应性动态DNA纳米结构已应用于多种生物医学环境中，包括基础研究、主动药物递送、生物传感器开发和组织工程。这些应用展示了动态DNA纳米结构的多功能性，其优点不可忽视，超过了传统对应物（如聚合物和金属颗粒）。然而，在其临床转化方面存在稳定性、产量、外源性DNA和伦理方面的考虑。在本综述中，我们首先介绍DNA纳米技术的最新进展和发现，重点介绍动态DNA纳米结构在生物医学应用中的用途。然后，介绍了几种动态DNA纳米结构，并讨论了它们典型的生物医学应用，包括它们作为DNA适体、离子浓度/pH敏感DNA分子、能够进行链置换反应的DNA纳米结构以及基于蛋白质的动态DNA纳米结构的用途。最后，讨论了动态DNA纳米结构在生物医学应用方面面临的挑战。
