Maróti Zoltán, Neparáczki Endre, Schütz Oszkár, Maár Kitti, Varga Gergely I B, Kovács Bence, Kalmár Tibor, Nyerki Emil, Nagy István, Latinovics Dóra, Tihanyi Balázs, Marcsik Antónia, Pálfi György, Bernert Zsolt, Gallina Zsolt, Horváth Ciprián, Varga Sándor, Költő László, Raskó István, Nagy Péter L, Balogh Csilla, Zink Albert, Maixner Frank, Götherström Anders, George Robert, Szalontai Csaba, Szenthe Gergely, Gáll Erwin, Kiss Attila P, Gulyás Bence, Kovacsóczy Bernadett Ny, Gál Szilárd Sándor, Tomka Péter, Török Tibor
Department of Archaeogenetics, Institute of Hungarian Research, 1041 Budapest, Hungary; Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Health Center, University of Szeged, 6725 Szeged, Hungary.
Department of Archaeogenetics, Institute of Hungarian Research, 1041 Budapest, Hungary; Department of Genetics, University of Szeged, 6726 Szeged, Hungary.
Curr Biol. 2022 Jul 11;32(13):2858-2870.e7. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.04.093. Epub 2022 May 25.
Huns, Avars, and conquering Hungarians were migration-period nomadic tribal confederations that arrived in three successive waves in the Carpathian Basin between the 5 and 9 centuries. Based on the historical data, each of these groups are thought to have arrived from Asia, although their exact origin and relation to other ancient and modern populations have been debated. Recently, hundreds of ancient genomes were analyzed from Central Asia, Mongolia, and China, from which we aimed to identify putative source populations for the above-mentioned groups. In this study, we have sequenced 9 Hun, 143 Avar, and 113 Hungarian conquest period samples and identified three core populations, representing immigrants from each period with no recent European ancestry. Our results reveal that this "immigrant core" of both Huns and Avars likely originated in present day Mongolia, and their origin can be traced back to Xiongnus (Asian Huns), as suggested by several historians. On the other hand, the "immigrant core" of the conquering Hungarians derived from an earlier admixture of Mansis, early Sarmatians, and descendants of late Xiongnus. We have also shown that a common "proto-Ugric" gene pool appeared in the Bronze Age from the admixture of Mezhovskaya and Nganasan people, supporting genetic and linguistic data. In addition, we detected shared Hun-related ancestry in numerous Avar and Hungarian conquest period genetic outliers, indicating a genetic link between these successive nomadic groups. Aside from the immigrant core groups, we identified that the majority of the individuals from each period were local residents harboring "native European" ancestry.
匈人、阿瓦尔人以及征服时期的匈牙利人是迁徙时期的游牧部落联盟，他们在5至9世纪间分三波抵达喀尔巴阡盆地。根据历史数据，这些群体中的每一个都被认为来自亚洲，尽管他们的确切起源以及与其他古代和现代人群的关系一直存在争议。最近，对来自中亚、蒙古和中国的数百个古代基因组进行了分析，我们旨在从中确定上述群体可能的源人群。在本研究中，我们对9个匈人、143个阿瓦尔人和113个匈牙利征服时期的样本进行了测序，并确定了三个核心群体，代表了每个时期没有近期欧洲血统的移民。我们的结果表明，匈人和阿瓦尔人的这个“移民核心”可能起源于当今的蒙古，正如几位历史学家所暗示的，他们的起源可以追溯到匈奴人（亚洲匈人）。另一方面，征服时期匈牙利人的“移民核心”源自曼西人、早期萨尔马特人和晚期匈奴人后裔的早期混合。我们还表明，一个共同的“原始乌戈尔语”基因库在青铜时代因梅佐夫斯卡亚人和恩加纳桑人的混合而出现，这支持了基因和语言数据。此外，我们在众多阿瓦尔人和匈牙利征服时期的基因异常值中检测到与匈人相关的共同血统，表明这些相继的游牧群体之间存在基因联系。除了移民核心群体，我们还确定每个时期的大多数个体都是拥有“欧洲本土”血统的当地居民。
