Department of Microbiology, School of Science, RK University, Rajkot, Gujarat, India.
College of Science, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA.
Sci Total Environ. 2022 Sep 10;838(Pt 3):156212. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156212. Epub 2022 May 24.
Nanotechnology-driven solutions have almost touched every aspect of life, such as therapeutics, cosmetics, agriculture, and the environment. Physical and chemical methods for the synthesis of nanoparticles involve hazardous reaction conditions and toxic reducing as well as stabilizing agents. Hence, environmentally benign green routes are preferred to synthesize nanoparticles with tunable size and shape. Bacteria, fungi, algae, and medicinal plants are employed to synthesize gold, silver, copper, zinc, and other nanoparticles. However, very little literature is available on exploring probiotic bacteria for the synthesis of nanoparticles. In view of the background, this review gives the most comprehensive report on the nanobiotechnological potential of probiotic bacteria like Bacillus licheniformis, Bifidobacterium animalis, Brevibacterium linens, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus casei, and others for the synthesis of gold (AuNPs), selenium (SeNPs), silver (AgNPs), platinum (PtNPs), tellurium nanoparticles (TeNPs), zinc oxide (ZnONPs), copper oxide (CuONPs), iron oxide (FeONPs), and titanium oxide nanoparticles (TiONPs). Both intracellular and extracellular synthesis are involved as potential routes for biofabrication of polydispersed nanoparticles that are spherical, rod, or hexagonal in shape. Capsular exopolysaccharide associated carbohydrates such as galactose, glucose, mannose, and rhamnose, cell membrane-associated diglycosyldiacylglycerol (DGDG), 1,2-di-O-acyl-3-O-[O-α-D-galactopyranosyl-(1 → 2)-α-d-glucopyranosyl]glycerol, triglycosyl diacylglycerol (TGDG), NADH-dependent enzymes, amino acids such as cysteine, tyrosine, and tryptophan, S-layer proteins (SLP), lacto-N-triose, and lactic acid play a significant role in synthesis and stabilization of the nanoparticles. The biogenic nanoparticles can be recovered by rational treatment with sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and/or sodium hydroxide (NaOH). Eventually, diverse applications like antibacterial, antifungal, anticancer, antioxidant, and other associated activities of the bacteriogenic nanoparticles are also elaborated. Being more biocompatible and effective, probiotic-generated nanoparticles can be explored as novel nutraceuticals for their ability to ensure sustained release and bioavailability of the loaded bioactive ingredients for diagnosis, targeted drug delivery, and therapy.
纳米技术驱动的解决方案几乎触及了生活的方方面面，如治疗、化妆品、农业和环境。纳米粒子的物理和化学合成方法涉及危险的反应条件以及有毒的还原剂和稳定剂。因此，人们更喜欢使用环境友好的绿色路线来合成具有可调节尺寸和形状的纳米粒子。细菌、真菌、藻类和药用植物被用于合成金、银、铜、锌和其他纳米粒子。然而，很少有文献探索益生菌细菌合成纳米粒子。有鉴于此，本综述提供了最全面的报告，介绍了益生菌细菌（如地衣芽孢杆菌、双歧杆菌、短杆菌、嗜酸乳杆菌、干酪乳杆菌等）在合成金（AuNPs）、硒（SeNPs）、银（AgNPs）、铂（PtNPs）、碲纳米粒子（TeNPs）、氧化锌（ZnONPs）、氧化铜（CuONPs）、氧化铁（FeONPs）和氧化钛纳米粒子（TiONPs）方面的纳米生物技术潜力。细胞内和细胞外合成都涉及作为生物制造多分散纳米粒子的潜在途径，这些纳米粒子呈球形、棒状或六方形状。与荚膜外多糖相关的碳水化合物，如半乳糖、葡萄糖、甘露糖和鼠李糖、细胞膜相关的二糖基二酰基甘油（DGDG）、1,2-二-O-酰基-3-O-[O-α-D-吡喃半乳糖基-（1 → 2）-α-D-吡喃葡萄糖基]甘油、三糖基二酰基甘油（TGDG）、NADH 依赖性酶、半胱氨酸、酪氨酸和色氨酸等氨基酸、S-层蛋白（SLP）、乳-N-三糖和乳酸在纳米粒子的合成和稳定中发挥了重要作用。生物合成的纳米粒子可以通过合理处理十二烷基硫酸钠（SDS）和/或氢氧化钠（NaOH）来回收。最终，还详细阐述了细菌合成纳米粒子的多种应用，如抗菌、抗真菌、抗癌、抗氧化等相关活性。由于益生菌生成的纳米粒子具有更好的生物相容性和有效性，因此可以作为新型营养保健品进行探索，以确保负载生物活性成分的持续释放和生物利用度，用于诊断、靶向药物输送和治疗。
