Faculty of Medicine, University of Technology, 40-555 Katowice, Poland.
Faculty of Management, University of Primorska, 6101 Koper, Slovenia.
Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022 May 10;19(10):5794. doi: 10.3390/ijerph19105794.
The aim of this cross-national longitudinal study was to identify a change in mental health indicators: coronavirus-related post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), perceived stress, and fear of vaccination (FoVac). The first measurement (T1) took place in February 2021, and the second (T2) took place in May-June 2021. The sample consisted of 1723 participants across Germany, Israel, Poland, and Slovenia, between the age of 20 and 40 ( = 30.74, = 5.74). A paired-samples Student's -test was used for testing the differences between T1 and T2. A repeated measures two-way ANOVA was performed to examine changes over time (T) and across the countries (C). A significant although small decrease at T2 was found for coronavirus-related PTSD, perceived stress, and FoVac. A significant main effect was found for T, C, and TxC for all variables, except the interaction effect for coronavirus-related PTSD and perceived stress. A medium effect size was found for coronavirus-related PTSD and FoVac across countries as well as perceived stress over time. A small effect size was revealed for coronavirus-related PTSD and FoVac over time, perceived stress across countries, and interaction for FoVac. A significant improvement in mental health was demonstrated across the four countries (particularly in Israel); however, there were still differences among each of them. Therefore, the cross-national context should be taken into consideration when analyzing the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on mental health.
与冠状病毒相关的创伤后应激障碍（PTSD）、感知压力和对疫苗接种的恐惧（FoVac）。第一次测量（T1）于 2021 年 2 月进行，第二次（T2）于 2021 年 5 月至 6 月进行。该样本由德国、以色列、波兰和斯洛文尼亚的 1723 名年龄在 20 至 40 岁之间的参与者组成（=30.74，=5.74）。采用配对样本学生 t 检验比较 T1 和 T2 之间的差异。采用重复测量两因素方差分析来检验时间（T）和国家（C）的变化。结果发现，与冠状病毒相关的 PTSD、感知压力和 FoVac 在 T2 时显著降低，尽管幅度较小。对于所有变量，除了与冠状病毒相关的 PTSD 和感知压力的交互效应外，T、C 和 TxC 都存在显著的主效应。在国家间，与冠状病毒相关的 PTSD 和 FoVac 以及随时间推移的感知压力都存在中等效应量。在国家间，与冠状病毒相关的 PTSD 和 FoVac 以及随时间推移的感知压力、FoVac 的交互作用都存在较小效应量。研究结果表明，四个国家的心理健康状况都有显著改善（特别是在以色列）；然而，每个国家之间仍存在差异。因此，在分析 COVID-19 大流行对心理健康的影响时，应考虑跨国背景。
