Alves Cátia G, Lima-Sousa Rita, Melo Bruna L, Moreira André F, Correia Ilídio J, de Melo-Diogo Duarte
CICS-UBI-Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade da Beira Interior, 6200-506 Covilha, Portugal.
CIEPQPF-Departamento de Engenharia Química, Universidade de Coimbra, Rua Sílvio Lima, 3030-790 Coimbra, Portugal.
Pharmaceutics. 2022 May 8;14(5):1015. doi: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14051015.
The development of strategies capable of eliminating metastasized cancer cells and preventing tumor recurrence is an exciting and extremely important area of research. In this regard, therapeutic approaches that explore the synergies between nanomaterial-mediated phototherapies and immunostimulants/immune checkpoint inhibitors have been yielding remarkable results in pre-clinical cancer models. These nanomaterials can accumulate in tumors and trigger, after irradiation of the primary tumor with near infrared light, a localized temperature increase and/or reactive oxygen species. These effects caused damage in cancer cells at the primary site and can also (i) relieve tumor hypoxia, (ii) release tumor-associated antigens and danger-associated molecular patterns, and (iii) induced a pro-inflammatory response. Such events will then synergize with the activity of immunostimulants and immune checkpoint inhibitors, paving the way for strong T cell responses against metastasized cancer cells and the creation of immune memory. Among the different nanomaterials aimed for cancer immuno-phototherapy, those incorporating near infrared-absorbing heptamethine cyanines (Indocyanine Green, IR775, IR780, IR797, IR820) have been showing promising results due to their multifunctionality, safety, and straightforward formulation. In this review, combined approaches based on phototherapies mediated by heptamethine cyanine-loaded nanomaterials and immunostimulants/immune checkpoint inhibitor actions are analyzed, focusing on their ability to modulate the action of the different immune system cells, eliminate metastasized cancer cells, and prevent tumor recurrence.
开发能够消除转移癌细胞并预防肿瘤复发的策略是一个令人兴奋且极其重要的研究领域。在这方面，探索纳米材料介导的光疗法与免疫刺激剂/免疫检查点抑制剂之间协同作用的治疗方法在临床前癌症模型中已取得显著成果。这些纳米材料可在肿瘤中积聚，并在使用近红外光照射原发性肿瘤后引发局部温度升高和/或活性氧生成。这些效应会对原发性部位的癌细胞造成损伤，还能（i）缓解肿瘤缺氧，（ii）释放肿瘤相关抗原和危险相关分子模式，以及（iii）诱导促炎反应。这些事件随后将与免疫刺激剂和免疫检查点抑制剂的活性协同作用，为针对转移癌细胞的强大T细胞反应和免疫记忆的形成铺平道路。在旨在用于癌症免疫光疗的不同纳米材料中，那些包含吸收近红外光的七甲川花菁（吲哚菁绿、IR775、IR780、IR797、IR820）的纳米材料因其多功能性、安全性和简单的配方而显示出有前景的结果。在本综述中，分析了基于负载七甲川花菁的纳米材料介导的光疗法与免疫刺激剂/免疫检查点抑制剂作用的联合方法，重点关注它们调节不同免疫系统细胞的作用、消除转移癌细胞和预防肿瘤复发的能力。
