Department of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea.
Department of Biotechnology, Jeju National University, Jeju, South Korea.
Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2023;63(29):9961-9976. doi: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2076651. Epub 2022 May 30.
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) and T2D-associated comorbidities, such as obesity, are serious universally prevalent health issues among post-menopausal women. Menopause is an unavoidable condition characterized by the depletion of estrogen, a gonadotropic hormone responsible for secondary sexual characteristics in women. In addition to sexual dimorphism, estrogen also participates in glucose-lipid homeostasis, and estrogen depletion is associated with insulin resistance in the female body. Estrogen level in the gut also regulates the microbiota composition, and even conjugated estrogen is actively metabolized by the estrobolome to maintain insulin levels. Moreover, post-menopausal gut microbiota is different from the pre-menopausal gut microbiota, as it is less diverse and lacks the mucolytic and short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) producers such as and Through various metabolites (SCFAs, secondary bile acid, and serotonin), the gut microbiota plays a significant role in regulating glucose homeostasis, oxidative stress, and T2D-associated pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1, IL-6). While gut dysbiosis is common among post-menopausal women, dietary interventions such as probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics can ease post-menopausal gut dysbiosis. The objective of this review is to understand the relationship between post-menopausal gut dysbiosis and T2D-associated factors. Additionally, the study also provided dietary recommendations to avoid T2D progression among post-menopausal women.
2 型糖尿病（T2D）和 T2D 相关的合并症，如肥胖症，是绝经后女性普遍存在的严重健康问题。绝经是一种不可避免的状态，其特征是雌激素的耗竭，雌激素是一种性腺激素，负责女性的第二性特征。除了性别二态性外，雌激素还参与糖脂稳态，雌激素耗竭与女性身体的胰岛素抵抗有关。肠道中的雌激素水平也调节着微生物群落的组成，甚至共轭雌激素也被estrobolome 积极代谢以维持胰岛素水平。此外，绝经后肠道微生物群与绝经前肠道微生物群不同，因为它的多样性较低，并且缺乏黏液溶解和短链脂肪酸（SCFA）产生菌，如 和 肠道微生物群通过各种代谢物（SCFAs、次级胆汁酸和血清素）在调节葡萄糖稳态、氧化应激和与 T2D 相关的促炎细胞因子（IL-1、IL-6）方面发挥着重要作用。虽然绝经后女性中肠道菌群失调很常见，但通过益生菌、益生元和合生菌等饮食干预可以缓解绝经后肠道菌群失调。本综述的目的是了解绝经后肠道菌群失调与 T2D 相关因素之间的关系。此外，该研究还提供了饮食建议，以避免绝经后女性 T2D 的进展。
