School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom.
Department of Animal Health, Behaviour and Welfare, Harper Adams University, Newport, Shropshire, United Kingdom.
PeerJ. 2022 May 16;10:e13426. doi: 10.7717/peerj.13426. eCollection 2022.
The consumption of dairy products contributes to health, nutrition, and livelihoods globally. However, dairy products do not come without microbiological food safety risks for consumers. Despite this risk, common hygiene measures in high-income countries, particularly pasteurisation, ensures that milk is safe, and is indeed frequently mandated by law. Nevertheless, over the past two decades, there has been a global increase in the number of consumers in high-income developed countries actively seeking out unpasteurised milk in liquid and product forms for perceived nutritional and health benefits, and improved taste. The often-anecdotal claims upon which consumers make such choices are not all supported by scientific evidence; however, some recent research studies have investigated (and in some cases demonstrated) the positive impact of unpasteurised milk consumption on the prevalence of asthma, atopy, rectal cancer and respiratory illness.
To investigate the significance of unpasteurised milk and milk product consumption for human health in high-income countries, outbreak data between the years 2000 and 2018 were obtained for the United States of America, Canada, the European Union, the United Kingdom, Japan, New Zealand and Australia, which were then categorized into three World Health Organisation subregions: AMR A, EUR A and WPR A. Outbreak dynamic variables such as pathogens, the place of consumption, numbers of outbreaks and deaths per million capita, the average number of cases per outbreak and regulations were described and analysed using R Studio. To provide an overview of unpasteurised milk-related disease outbreaks, a rapid evidence review was also undertaken to establish an overview of what is known in the current literature about hazards and drivers of consumption.
Foodborne outbreaks associated with unpasteurised dairy consumption have risen in high-income countries over the period 2000 to 2018, with spp. being the most common aetiological agent responsible, followed by and spp. The most common places of consumption are on farms or in households, indicating individuals choose to drink unpasteurised milk, rather than a widespread distribution of the product, for example, at social events and in schools. Further study is needed to better understand contributing factors, such as cultural differences in the consumption of dairy products.
There are several observable health benefits linked to consuming raw milk, but outbreaks associated with unpasteurised milk and milk products are on the rise. It cannot be definitively concluded whether the benefits outweigh the risks, and ultimately the decision lies with the individual consumer. Nevertheless, many countries have regulations in place to protect consumer health, acknowledging the definite risks to human health that unpasteurised dairy foods may pose, particularly from microbial hazards.
乳制品的消费对全球的健康、营养和生计都有贡献。然而，乳制品确实会给消费者带来微生物食品安全风险。尽管存在这种风险，但高收入国家常见的卫生措施，特别是巴氏消毒法，确保了牛奶的安全，而且实际上经常受到法律的要求。尽管如此，在过去的二十年中，高收入发达国家的消费者数量不断增加，他们积极寻求以液体和产品形式消费未经巴氏消毒的牛奶，以获得他们认为的营养和健康益处，以及改善口感。消费者做出此类选择的常见传闻说法并非都有科学依据；然而，一些最近的研究调查了（并在某些情况下证明了）未经巴氏消毒的牛奶消费对哮喘、过敏、直肠癌和呼吸道疾病患病率的积极影响。
为了研究未经巴氏消毒的牛奶和奶制品消费对高收入国家人类健康的重要性，我们获得了 2000 年至 2018 年期间美国、加拿大、欧盟、英国、日本、新西兰和澳大利亚的暴发数据，并将其分为世界卫生组织三个亚区：AMR A、EUR A 和 WPR A。使用 R Studio 对暴发动态变量（如病原体、消费地点、每百万人口的暴发和死亡人数、每次暴发的平均病例数以及法规）进行描述和分析。为了提供与未经巴氏消毒的牛奶相关的疾病暴发概述，我们还进行了快速证据审查，以了解当前文献中关于消费的危害和驱动因素的概述。
2000 年至 2018 年间，与未经巴氏消毒的乳制品消费相关的食源性暴发在高收入国家有所增加，其中 spp.是最常见的病因，其次是 和 spp.最常见的消费地点是农场或家庭，这表明个人选择饮用未经巴氏消毒的牛奶，而不是产品的广泛分布，例如在社交活动和学校中。需要进一步研究以更好地了解促成因素，例如乳制品消费方面的文化差异。
饮用生奶有几个可观察到的健康益处，但与未经巴氏消毒的牛奶和奶制品相关的暴发正在增加。不能确定是否利大于弊，最终决定权在于个人消费者。尽管如此，许多国家都制定了保护消费者健康的法规，承认未经巴氏消毒的乳制品可能对人类健康造成的明确风险，特别是微生物危害。
