AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA.
La Jolla Institute for Immunology and Department of Bioengineering and Institute of Engineering in Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.
Immunol Rev. 2022 Nov;312(1):52-60. doi: 10.1111/imr.13103. Epub 2022 Jun 6.
Neutrophils are immune cells involved in several inflammatory and homeostatic processes. Their capacity to release cargo can be classified based on whether the cargo is released on its own, or in conjunction with plasma membrane structures. Examples of plasma membrane-free secretion modes are degranulation, neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) release, and cytokine release through inflammasome formation. The most studied membrane-covered neutrophil-derived structures are exosomes and ectosomes that are collectively called extracellular vesicles (EV). Apoptotic vesicles are another recognized EV subtype. Over the last decade, additional membrane-covered neutrophil-derived structures were characterized: migratory cytoplasts, migrasomes, and elongated neutrophil-derived structures (ENDS). All these structures are smaller than the neutrophils, cannot reproduce themselves, and thus meet the latest consensus definition of EVs. In this review, we focus on the less well-studied neutrophil EVs: apoptotic vesicles, cytoplasts, migrasomes, and ENDS.
中性粒细胞是参与多种炎症和动态平衡过程的免疫细胞。根据其释放货物的方式，可以将其释放货物的能力分为单独释放或与质膜结构一起释放。质膜无分泌模式的示例包括脱粒、中性粒细胞胞外陷阱 (NET) 释放以及通过炎性小体形成释放细胞因子。研究最多的质膜覆盖的中性粒细胞衍生结构是外泌体和ectosomes，它们统称为细胞外囊泡 (EV)。凋亡小体是另一种公认的 EV 亚型。在过去的十年中，已经描述了其他膜覆盖的中性粒细胞衍生结构：迁移胞质体、迁移小体和伸长的中性粒细胞衍生结构 (ENDS)。所有这些结构都小于中性粒细胞，不能自我复制，因此符合 EVs 的最新共识定义。在这篇综述中，我们重点介绍研究较少的中性粒细胞 EVs：凋亡小体、胞质体、迁移小体和 ENDS。
