Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, Marche Polytechnic University, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy.
Institut Technique de l'Agriculture et de l'Alimentation Biologiques (ITAB), 149 rue de Bercy, 75012 Paris, France.
Molecules. 2022 May 28;27(11):3484. doi: 10.3390/molecules27113484.
Synthetic pesticides are widely used to protect crops from pathogens and pests, especially for fruits and vegetables, and this may lead to the presence of residues on fresh produce. Improving the sustainability of agriculture and, at the same time, reducing the adverse effects of synthetic pesticides on human health requires effective alternatives that improve the productivity while maintaining the food quality and safety. Moreover, retailers increasingly request fresh produce with the amounts of pesticides largely below the official maximum residue levels. Basic substances are relatively novel compounds that can be used in plant protection without neurotoxic or immune-toxic effects and are still poorly known by phytosanitary consultants (plant doctors), researchers, growers, consumers, and decision makers. The focus of this review is to provide updated information about 24 basic substances currently approved in the EU and to summarize in a single document their properties and instructions for users. Most of these substances have a fungicidal activity (calcium hydroxide, chitosan, chitosan hydrochloride, L., hydrogen peroxide, lecithins, cow milk, mustard seed powder, spp., sunflower oil, sodium chloride, sodium hydrogen carbonate, spp., vinegar, and whey). Considering the increasing requests from consumers of fruits and vegetables for high quality with no or a reduced amount of pesticide residues, basic substances can complement and, at times, replace the application of synthetic pesticides with benefits for users and for consumers. Large-scale trials are important to design the best dosage and strategies for the application of basic substances against pathogens and pests in different growing environments and contexts.
合成农药被广泛用于保护作物免受病原体和害虫的侵害，特别是对水果和蔬菜，这可能导致新鲜农产品上残留。提高农业的可持续性，同时减少合成农药对人类健康的不利影响，需要有效的替代品，这些替代品在提高生产力的同时保持食品质量和安全。此外，零售商越来越要求新鲜农产品的农药残留量大大低于官方的最大残留水平。基础物质是相对较新的化合物，可以在不产生神经毒性或免疫毒性的情况下用于植物保护，而植物检疫顾问（植物医生）、研究人员、种植者、消费者和决策者对它们的了解仍然很少。本综述的重点是提供有关欧盟目前批准的 24 种基本物质的最新信息，并在一份文件中总结其性质和用户说明。这些物质中的大多数具有杀菌活性（氢氧化钙、壳聚糖、壳聚糖盐酸盐、L.、过氧化氢、卵磷脂、牛奶、芥菜籽粉、、葵花籽油、氯化钠、碳酸氢钠、、醋和乳清）。考虑到消费者对无农药残留或低农药残留的高品质水果和蔬菜的需求不断增加，基础物质可以补充，有时可以替代合成农药的应用，对用户和消费者都有好处。大规模试验对于设计在不同种植环境和背景下针对病原体和害虫应用基础物质的最佳剂量和策略非常重要。
