Department of Biotechnology, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, Jamia Hamdard, Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi 110062, India.
National Research Council (CNR), Department of Chemical Sciences and Materials Technology (DSCTM), Institute of Crystallography (IC), Via Salaria Km. 29.3, Monterotondo, 00185 Rome, Italy.
Sensors (Basel). 2022 Jun 1;22(11):4228. doi: 10.3390/s22114228.
Several illnesses that are chronic and acute are becoming more relevant as the world's aging population expands, and the medical sector is transforming rapidly, as a consequence of which the need for "point-of-care" (POC), identification/detection, and real time management of health issues that have been required for a long time are increasing. Biomarkers are biological markers that help to detect status of health or disease. Biosensors' applications are for screening for early detection, chronic disease treatment, health management, and well-being surveillance. Smart devices that allow continual monitoring of vital biomarkers for physiological health monitoring, medical diagnosis, and assessment are becoming increasingly widespread in a variety of applications, ranging from biomedical to healthcare systems of surveillance and monitoring. The term "smart" is used due to the ability of these devices to extract data with intelligence and in real time. Wearable, implantable, ingestible, and portable devices can all be considered smart devices; this is due to their ability of smart interpretation of data, through their smart sensors or biosensors and indicators. Wearable and portable devices have progressed more and more in the shape of various accessories, integrated clothes, and body attachments and inserts. Moreover, implantable and ingestible devices allow for the medical diagnosis and treatment of patients using tiny sensors and biomedical gadgets or devices have become available, thus increasing the quality and efficacy of medical treatments by a significant margin. This article summarizes the state of the art in portable, wearable, ingestible, and implantable devices for health status monitoring and disease management and their possible applications. It also identifies some new technologies that have the potential to contribute to the development of personalized care. Further, these devices are non-invasive in nature, providing information with accuracy and in given time, thus making these devices important for the future use of humanity.
随着世界人口老龄化的加剧和医疗行业的快速转型，一些慢性和急性疾病变得越来越重要，因此长期以来一直需要进行“即时护理”（POC）、识别/检测以及实时管理健康问题。生物标志物是有助于检测健康状况或疾病状态的生物标记物。生物传感器的应用可用于早期检测、慢性病治疗、健康管理和幸福感监测的筛选。用于持续监测生理健康监测、医疗诊断和评估的重要生物标志物的智能设备在各种应用中越来越普及，从生物医学到医疗保健系统的监测和监控。这些设备能够智能地实时提取数据，因此被称为“智能”设备。可穿戴设备、植入式设备、可摄入设备和便携式设备都可以被视为智能设备；这是因为它们能够通过智能传感器或生物传感器和指示器对数据进行智能解释。可穿戴设备和便携式设备已经在各种附件、集成服装、身体附件和插入物的形状上取得了越来越多的进展。此外，植入式和可摄入式设备允许使用微小的传感器和生物医学小工具或设备对患者进行医疗诊断和治疗，从而显著提高了医疗治疗的质量和效果。本文总结了用于健康状况监测和疾病管理的可移植、可穿戴、可摄入和可植入设备的最新技术及其可能的应用。它还确定了一些新技术，这些技术有可能有助于个性化护理的发展。此外，这些设备本质上是非侵入性的，能够以准确性和给定的时间提供信息，从而使这些设备对人类未来的使用非常重要。
