Al-Kuraishy Hayder M, Al-Gareeb Ali I, Al-Niemi Marwa S, Alexiou Athanasios, Batiha Gaber El-Saber
Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Medicine, College of Medicine, Al-Mustansiriyia University, Baghdad, Iraq.
Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Al-Farahidi University, Baghdad, Iraq.
Curr Protein Pept Sci. 2022;23(5):310-320. doi: 10.2174/1389203723666220610124303.
The pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 infection is related to the direct cytopathic effect and associated hyper-inflammation due to exaggerated immune response. Different experimental and clinical studies revealed that many biomarkers could be used to determine the Covid-19 severity, such as Ddimer, procalcitonin, C-reaction protein (CRP), IL-6, and ferritin. Calprotectin (CP) is associated with intestinal inflammation, intestinal injury, and different respiratory diseases such as cystic fibrosis. Thus, CP might be a possible biomarker linking intestinal injury and acute lung injury (ALI) in Covid-19. Therefore, this study aimed to find a potential role of CP regarding GITI and ALI in Covid-19. CP is a complex protein consisting of S100A8 and S100A9, belonging to the Ca-binding proteins S100 family abundant in the cytosol of neutrophils and expressed on the monocyte membranes, macrophages, and intestinal epithelial cells. CP is a proinflammatory protein that acts through activation of the receptor for the advanced glycation end product (RAGE) and toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4). CP is a biomarker of neutrophil activation and is released following the turnover of neutrophils. CP could be controversial; it increases airway inflammation or protects lung and airway epithelium from an exaggerated immune response. Therefore, a high level of CP in different respiratory disorders might be protective and compensate against abnormal immune responses. CP level is high in Covid-19 and correlated with Covid-19 severity and oxygen demand due to activation of proinflammatory cytokines and inflammatory signaling pathways. Therefore, CP level is elevated in both ALI and intestinal inflammation so that it could be a potential biomarker that links the respiratory and intestinal injury in Covid-19.
严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒2（SARS-CoV-2）感染的发病机制与直接细胞病变效应以及由于过度免疫反应导致的相关炎症反应增强有关。不同的实验和临床研究表明，许多生物标志物可用于确定新型冠状病毒肺炎（Covid-19）的严重程度，如D-二聚体、降钙素原、C反应蛋白（CRP）、白细胞介素-6（IL-6）和铁蛋白。钙卫蛋白（CP）与肠道炎症、肠道损伤以及不同的呼吸系统疾病如囊性纤维化有关。因此，CP可能是连接Covid-19肠道损伤和急性肺损伤（ALI）的一种潜在生物标志物。因此，本研究旨在探讨CP在Covid-19中对胃肠道损伤（GITI）和ALI的潜在作用。CP是一种由S100A8和S100A9组成的复合蛋白，属于钙结合蛋白S100家族，在中性粒细胞胞质中丰富，在单核细胞膜、巨噬细胞和肠道上皮细胞上表达。CP是一种促炎蛋白，通过激活晚期糖基化终产物受体（RAGE）和Toll样受体4（TLR4）发挥作用。CP是中性粒细胞活化的生物标志物，在中性粒细胞更新后释放。CP可能存在争议；它会增加气道炎症，或者保护肺和气道上皮免受过度免疫反应的影响。因此，在不同的呼吸系统疾病中，高水平的CP可能具有保护作用，并能对抗异常免疫反应。Covid-19患者的CP水平较高，并且由于促炎细胞因子和炎症信号通路的激活，CP水平与Covid-19的严重程度和氧气需求相关。因此，ALI和肠道炎症时CP水平均升高，因此它可能是连接Covid-19呼吸和肠道损伤的潜在生物标志物。
