State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, China.
Department of Hematology and Hematology Research Laboratory, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
Front Immunol. 2022 May 25;13:840550. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.840550. eCollection 2022.
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nanosized lipid particles released by virtually every living cell. EVs carry bioactive molecules, shuttle from cells to cells and transduce signals, regulating cell growth and metabolism. Pathogenic bacteria can cause serious infections via a wide range of strategies, and host immune systems also develop extremely complex adaptations to counteract bacterial infections. As notable carriers, EVs take part in the interaction between the host and bacteria in several approaches. For host cells, several strategies have been developed to resist bacteria via EVs, including expelling damaged membranes and bacteria, neutralizing toxins, triggering innate immune responses and provoking adaptive immune responses in nearly the whole body. For bacteria, EVs function as vehicles to deliver toxins and contribute to immune escape. Due to their crucial functions, EVs have great application potential in vaccines, diagnosis and treatments. In the present review, we highlight the most recent advances, application potential and remaining challenges in understanding EVs in the interaction between the host and bacteria.
细胞外囊泡（EVs）是几乎所有活细胞释放的纳米级脂质颗粒。EVs 携带生物活性分子，在细胞间穿梭并传递信号，调节细胞生长和代谢。致病细菌可以通过多种策略引起严重感染，而宿主免疫系统也会发生极其复杂的适应性变化来抵抗细菌感染。作为显著的载体，EVs 通过多种方式参与宿主与细菌之间的相互作用。对于宿主细胞，已经开发出几种通过 EVs 抵抗细菌的策略，包括排出受损的膜和细菌、中和毒素、触发先天免疫反应以及在几乎全身范围内引发适应性免疫反应。对于细菌来说，EVs 是输送毒素的载体，并有助于免疫逃避。由于其关键功能，EVs 在疫苗、诊断和治疗方面具有巨大的应用潜力。在本综述中，我们强调了在理解宿主与细菌相互作用中的 EVs 方面的最新进展、应用潜力和尚存的挑战。
