CRISPR-Cas9 based gene editing of the immune checkpoint NKG2A enhances NK cell mediated cytotoxicity against multiple myeloma.

Natural Killer (NK) cells are known for their high intrinsic cytotoxic capacity, and the possibility to be applied as 'off-the-shelf' product makes them highly attractive for cell-based immunotherapies. In patients with multiple myeloma (MM), an elevated number of NK cells has been correlated with higher overall-survival rate. However, NK cell function can be impaired by upregulation of inhibitory receptors, such as the immune checkpoint NKG2A. Here, we developed a CRISPR-Cas9-based gene editing protocol that allowed us to knockout about 80% of the NKG2A-encoding () locus in primary NK cells. In-depth phenotypic analysis confirmed significant reduction in NKG2A protein expression. Importantly, the edited NK cells showed significantly increased cytotoxicity against primary MM cells isolated from a small cohort of patients, and maintained the NK cell-specific cytokine production. In conclusion, -editing in primary NK cells has the prospect of overcoming immune checkpoint inhibition in clinical applications.