spp. Genes Involved in the Biocontrol Activity Against .

is a pathogen that causes considerable harm to plants worldwide. In the absence of hosts, survives in the soil by forming sclerotia, and management methods, such as cultivar breeding, crop rotations, and fungicide sprays, are insufficient and/or inefficient in controlling . One of the most challenging problems facing agriculture in the twenty-first century besides with the impact of global warming. Environmentally friendly techniques of crop production and improved agricultural practices are essential for long-term food security. spp. could serve as an excellent example of a model fungus to enhance crop productivity in a sustainable way. Among biocontrol mechanisms, mycoparasitism, competition, and antibiosis are the fundamental mechanisms by which spp. defend against , thereby preventing or obstructing its proliferation. Additionally, spp. induce a mixed induced systemic resistance (ISR) or systemic acquired resistance (SAR) in plants against , known as -ISR. Stimulation of every biocontrol mechanism involves spp. genes responsible for encoding secondary metabolites, siderophores, signaling molecules, enzymes for cell wall degradation, and plant growth regulators. biological control through genes of spp. is summarized in this paper. It also gives information on the -ISR in plants against . Nonetheless, fast-paced current research on spp. is required to properly utilize their true potential against diseases caused by .