Prevention Research Center, Berkeley, California, USA.
Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2022 Aug;46(8):1449-1459. doi: 10.1111/acer.14884. Epub 2022 Jul 8.
This paper examines trends and correlates of alcohol-involved motor vehicle crashes (AMVCs) in California between 2005 and 2016 among Hispanic and non-Hispanic Whites (Whites hereafter). Together these two groups comprise 76% of the state population. The paper also examines whether alcohol outlet density, percentage of Hispanics in census tract populations, and distance to the U.S./Mexico border are related to greater risks for AMVCs. The border is of interest given the greater availability of alcohol in the area.
Crash data come from Statewide Integrated Traffic Records System maintained by the California Highway Patrol. Sociodemographic and community characteristics data from the U.S. Census and alcohol outlet density were aggregated to census tracts. Total motor vehicle crashes and AMVCs were related to these characteristics using hierarchical Bayesian Poisson space-time models.
There were over two million injury and fatality crashes during the period of analysis, of which 11% were AMVCs. About 1.7% of these crashes had fatalities. The rate of AMVCs increased among both Whites and Hispanics until 2008. After 2008, the rate among Whites declined through 2016 while the rate among Hispanics declined for 2 years (2009 and 2010) and increased thereafter. Crash distance from the border (RR = 1.016, 95% CI = 1.010 to 1.022) and percent Hispanic population (RR = 1.006; 95% CI = 1.003 to 1.009) were well-supported results with 95% credible intervals that did not include 1. The percentages of the following: bars/pubs, males, individuals aged 18 to 29 and 40 to 49 years, U.S. born population, individuals below the 150% poverty level, unemployed, housing vacant, and housing owner-occupied were all positively associated with AMVCs and well supported.
Between 2005 and 2016 the rate of AMVCs in California declined among Whites but not among Hispanics. Population-level indicators of percent Hispanic population, distance to the U.S. Mexico border, gender, age distribution, and socioeconomic stability were positively associated with crash rates, indicating that important contextual characteristics help determine the level of AMVC rates in communities.
本文研究了 2005 年至 2016 年期间加利福尼亚州西班牙裔和非西班牙裔白人群体（以下简称白人）中与酒精相关的机动车碰撞（AMVC）的趋势和相关因素。这两个群体加起来占该州人口的 76%。本文还研究了酒精销售点密度、人口普查区西班牙裔人口百分比以及与美国/墨西哥边境的距离是否与 AMVC 风险增加有关。鉴于该地区酒精供应更加充足，边境地区是研究的重点。
碰撞数据来自加利福尼亚州公路巡逻队维护的全州综合交通记录系统。社会人口和社区特征数据来自美国人口普查和酒精销售点密度，汇总到人口普查区。使用分层贝叶斯泊松时空模型将总机动车碰撞和 AMVC 与这些特征相关联。
在分析期间，发生了超过 200 万起伤害和致命碰撞事故，其中 11%是 AMVC。这些碰撞中有 1.7%导致死亡。在 2008 年之前，白人（Whites）和西班牙裔（Hispanics）的 AMVC 发生率都在增加。2008 年之后，白人的比率在 2016 年下降，而西班牙裔的比率在 2009 年和 2010 年下降后又上升。离边境的碰撞距离（RR=1.016，95%CI=1.010 至 1.022）和西班牙裔人口百分比（RR=1.006；95%CI=1.003 至 1.009）是强有力的结果，95%可信区间不包括 1。酒吧/酒吧、男性、18 至 29 岁和 40 至 49 岁的个人、美国出生人口、低于贫困线 150%的个人、失业者、空置住房和住房所有者居住等百分比均与 AMVC 呈正相关，且支持有力。
2005 年至 2016 年间，加利福尼亚州白人的 AMVC 发生率下降，但西班牙裔的 AMVC 发生率没有下降。人口普查区西班牙裔人口百分比、与美国墨西哥边境的距离、性别、年龄分布和社会经济稳定性等人口水平指标与碰撞率呈正相关，表明重要的背景特征有助于确定社区内 AMVC 率的水平。
