Molecular Signaling Lab, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, P.O. Box 553, 33101, Tampere, Finland.
Department of Biotechnology, Lady Doak College, Thallakulam, Madurai, 625002, India.
Apoptosis. 2022 Aug;27(7-8):482-508. doi: 10.1007/s10495-022-01735-y. Epub 2022 Jun 17.
Programmed cell death is considered a key player in a variety of cellular processes that helps to regulate tissue growth, embryogenesis, cell turnover, immune response, and other biological processes. Among different types of cell death, apoptosis has been studied widely, especially in the field of cancer research to understand and analyse cellular mechanisms, and signaling pathways that control cell cycle arrest. Hallmarks of different types of cell death have been identified by following the patterns and events through microscopy. Identified biomarkers have also supported drug development to induce cell death in cancerous cells. There are various serological and microscopic techniques with advantages and limitations, that are available and are being utilized to detect and study the mechanism of cell death. The complexity of the mechanism and difficulties in distinguishing among different types of programmed cell death make it challenging to carry out the interventions and delay its progression. In this review, mechanisms of different forms of programmed cell death along with their conventional and unconventional methods of detection of have been critically reviewed systematically and categorized on the basis of morphological hallmarks and biomarkers to understand the principle, mechanism, application, advantages and disadvantages of each method. Furthermore, a very comprehensive comparative analysis has been drawn to highlight the most efficient and effective methods of detection of programmed cell death, helping researchers to make a reliable and prudent selection among the available methods of cell death assay. Conclusively, how programmed cell death detection methods can be improved and can provide information about distinctive stages of cell death detection have been discussed.
程序性细胞死亡被认为是多种细胞过程中的关键参与者，有助于调节组织生长、胚胎发生、细胞更替、免疫反应和其他生物过程。在不同类型的细胞死亡中，细胞凋亡已被广泛研究，特别是在癌症研究领域，以了解和分析控制细胞周期停滞的细胞机制和信号通路。通过显微镜观察模式和事件，可以确定不同类型细胞死亡的特征。已确定的生物标志物也支持开发药物以诱导癌细胞死亡。目前有各种具有优缺点的血清学和显微镜技术，可用于检测和研究细胞死亡的机制。细胞死亡机制的复杂性和区分不同类型程序性细胞死亡的困难使得进行干预和延缓其进展具有挑战性。在这篇综述中，我们系统地批判性地审查了不同形式的程序性细胞死亡的机制，以及它们传统和非传统的检测方法，根据形态学特征和生物标志物进行分类，以了解每种方法的原理、机制、应用、优点和缺点。此外，还进行了非常全面的比较分析，以突出程序性细胞死亡检测的最有效和有效的方法，帮助研究人员在可用的细胞死亡检测方法中做出可靠和谨慎的选择。最后，讨论了如何改进程序性细胞死亡检测方法，并提供有关细胞死亡检测独特阶段的信息。
