Department of Economics and School of Public Policy and Urban Affairs, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA.
Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
Nature. 2022 Aug;608(7921):135-145. doi: 10.1038/s41586-022-04966-w. Epub 2022 Jun 22.
There is a well-documented gap between the observed number of works produced by women and by men in science, with clear consequences for the retention and promotion of women. The gap might be a result of productivity differences, or it might be owing to women's contributions not being acknowledged. Here we find that at least part of this gap is the result of unacknowledged contributions: women in research teams are significantly less likely than men to be credited with authorship. The findings are consistent across three very different sources of data. Analysis of the first source-large-scale administrative data on research teams, team scientific output and attribution of credit-show that women are significantly less likely to be named on a given article or patent produced by their team relative to their male peers. The gender gap in attribution is present across most scientific fields and almost all career stages. The second source-an extensive survey of authors-similarly shows that women's scientific contributions are systematically less likely to be recognized. The third source-qualitative responses-suggests that the reason that women are less likely to be credited is because their work is often not known, is not appreciated or is ignored. At least some of the observed gender gap in scientific output may be owing not to differences in scientific contribution, but rather to differences in attribution.
在科学领域，女性的作品数量明显少于男性，这一现象有据可查，而这对女性的留用和晋升产生了明显的影响。造成这种差距的原因可能是生产力的差异，也可能是女性的贡献没有得到认可。在这里，我们发现这种差距至少部分是由于未被认可的贡献造成的：在研究团队中，女性获得作者身份的可能性明显低于男性。这一发现与三个截然不同的数据来源一致。对第一个来源（关于研究团队、团队科学产出和信用归因的大规模行政数据）的分析表明，与男性同事相比，女性在团队所产生的特定文章或专利上被署名的可能性显著较低。在归因方面的性别差距存在于大多数科学领域和几乎所有职业阶段。第二个来源（对作者的广泛调查）同样表明，女性的科学贡献往往不容易得到认可。第三个来源（定性反馈）表明，女性不太可能被认可的原因是她们的工作往往不为人知、不被欣赏或被忽视。至少有一部分科学产出方面的观察到的性别差距可能不是由于科学贡献的差异，而是由于归因的差异。
