Rana Md Mohosin, Melancon Marites P
Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada.
Department of Interventional Radiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
Biomimetics (Basel). 2022 Jun 10;7(2):77. doi: 10.3390/biomimetics7020077.
Minimally invasive endovascular embolization is a widely used clinical technique used for the occlusion of blood vessels to treat various diseases. Different occlusive agents ranging from gelatin foam to synthetic polymers such as poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) have been commercially used for embolization. However, these agents have some drawbacks, such as undesired toxicity and unintended and uncontrolled occlusion. To overcome these issues, several polymer-based embolic systems are under investigation including biocompatible and biodegradable microspheres, gelling liquid embolic with controlled occlusive features, and trackable microspheres with enhanced safety profiles. This review aims to summarize recent advances in current and emerging polymeric materials as embolization agents with varying material architectures. Furthermore, this review also explores the potential of combining injectable embolic agents and cell therapy to achieve more effective embolization with the promise of outstanding results in treating various devastating diseases. Finally, limitations and challenges in developing next-generation multifunctional embolic agents are discussed to promote advancement in this emerging field.
微创血管内栓塞术是一种广泛应用的临床技术，用于闭塞血管以治疗各种疾病。从明胶海绵到合成聚合物（如聚乙烯醇（PVA））等不同的闭塞剂已在商业上用于栓塞。然而，这些试剂存在一些缺点，如不良毒性以及意外和不受控制的闭塞。为了克服这些问题，几种基于聚合物的栓塞系统正在研究中，包括生物相容性和可生物降解的微球、具有可控闭塞特性的凝胶液体栓塞剂以及具有更高安全性的可追踪微球。本综述旨在总结当前和新兴聚合物材料作为具有不同材料结构的栓塞剂的最新进展。此外，本综述还探讨了将可注射栓塞剂与细胞疗法相结合的潜力，以期在治疗各种严重疾病方面取得优异效果，实现更有效的栓塞。最后，讨论了开发下一代多功能栓塞剂的局限性和挑战，以推动这一新兴领域的发展。
