UMR INTERTRYP, French Agricultural Research Centre for International Development (CIRAD), 31076, Toulouse, France.
INTERTRYP, IRD, CIRAD, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France.
Parasit Vectors. 2022 Jun 27;15(1):235. doi: 10.1186/s13071-022-05352-1.
Reliable diagnostic tools are needed to choose the appropriate treatment and proper control measures for animal trypanosomoses, some of which are pathogenic. Trypanosoma cruzi, for example, is responsible for Chagas disease in Latin America. Similarly, pathogenic animal trypanosomoses of African origin (ATAO), including a variety of Trypanosoma species and subspecies, are currently found in Africa, Latin America and Asia. ATAO limit global livestock productivity and impact food security and the welfare of domestic animals. This review focusses on implementing previously reviewed diagnostic methods, in a complex epizootiological scenario, by critically assessing diagnostic results at the individual or herd level. In most cases, a single diagnostic method applied at a given time does not unequivocally identify the various parasitological and disease statuses of a host. These include "non-infected", "asymptomatic carrier", "sick infected", "cured/not cured" and/or "multi-infected". The diversity of hosts affected by these animal trypanosomoses and their vectors (or other routes of transmission) is such that integrative, diachronic approaches are needed that combine: (i) parasite detection, (ii) DNA, RNA or antigen detection and (iii) antibody detection, along with epizootiological information. The specificity of antibody detection tests is restricted to the genus or subgenus due to cross-reactivity with other Trypanosoma spp. and Trypanosomatidae, but sensitivity is high. The DNA-based methods implemented over the last three decades have yielded higher specificity and sensitivity for active infection detection in hosts and vectors. However, no single diagnostic method can detect all active infections and/or trypanosome species or subspecies. The proposed integrative approach will improve the prevention, surveillance and monitoring of animal trypanosomoses with the available diagnostic tools. However, further developments are required to address specific gaps in diagnostic methods and the sustainable control or elimination of these diseases.
需要可靠的诊断工具来选择适当的治疗方法和适当的控制措施，以应对动物锥虫病，其中一些是病原性的。例如，克氏锥虫（Trypanosoma cruzi）是拉丁美洲恰加斯病的病原体。同样，源自非洲的病原性动物锥虫病（ATAO），包括各种锥虫种类和亚种，目前在非洲、拉丁美洲和亚洲都有发现。ATAO 限制了全球牲畜的生产力，并影响了食品安全和家畜的福利。本综述重点关注在复杂的流行病理学情况下实施先前综述的诊断方法，通过在个体或畜群水平上对诊断结果进行批判性评估。在大多数情况下，在给定时间应用单一诊断方法并不能明确识别宿主的各种寄生虫和疾病状态。这些状态包括“非感染”、“无症状带虫者”、“患病感染”、“治愈/未治愈”和/或“多重感染”。受这些动物锥虫病及其载体（或其他传播途径）影响的宿主多样性使得需要综合、历时的方法，这些方法结合了：（i）寄生虫检测，（ii）DNA、RNA 或抗原检测，（iii）抗体检测，以及流行病理学信息。由于与其他锥虫属和锥虫科的交叉反应性，抗体检测试验的特异性仅限于属或亚属，但敏感性很高。过去三十年来实施的基于 DNA 的方法在宿主和载体中检测活性感染的特异性和敏感性更高。然而，没有单一的诊断方法可以检测到所有的活性感染和/或锥虫种类或亚种。拟议的综合方法将利用现有的诊断工具，改善对动物锥虫病的预防、监测和监控。然而，需要进一步的发展来解决诊断方法中的具体差距，并实现这些疾病的可持续控制或消除。
