Cloninger C R
Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1987 Jun;44(6):573-88. doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.1987.01800180093014.
A systematic method for clinical description and classification of both normal and abnormal personality variants is proposed based on a general biosocial theory of personality. Three dimensions of personality are defined in terms of the basic stimulus-response characteristics of novelty seeking, harm avoidance, and reward dependence. The possible underlying genetic and neuroanatomical bases of observed variation in these dimensions are reviewed and considered in relation to adaptive responses to environmental challenge. The functional interaction of these dimensions leads to integrated patterns of differential response to novelty, punishment, and reward. The possible tridimensional combinations of extreme (high or low) variants on these basic stimulus-response characteristics correspond closely to traditional descriptions of personality disorders. This reconciles dimensional and categorical approaches to personality description. It also implies that the underlying structure of normal adaptive traits is the same as that of maladaptive personality traits, except for schizotypal and paranoid disorders.
基于一种普遍的人格生物社会理论，提出了一种对正常和异常人格变体进行临床描述和分类的系统方法。人格的三个维度是根据寻求新奇、回避伤害和奖励依赖的基本刺激-反应特征来定义的。对这些维度中观察到的变异可能的潜在遗传和神经解剖学基础进行了综述，并结合对环境挑战的适应性反应进行了考虑。这些维度的功能相互作用导致了对新奇、惩罚和奖励的不同反应的综合模式。这些基本刺激-反应特征上极端（高或低）变体的可能三维组合与传统的人格障碍描述密切对应。这调和了人格描述的维度和分类方法。它还意味着，除了分裂型和偏执型障碍外，正常适应特征的潜在结构与适应不良人格特征的潜在结构相同。
