Lattmann Evelyn, Levesque Mitchell P
Department of Dermatology, University of Zurich, University Hospital Zurich, Wagistrasse 18, CH-8952 Schlieren, Switzerland.
Cancers (Basel). 2022 Jun 23;14(13):3086. doi: 10.3390/cancers14133086.
Cutaneous melanoma arises from a malignant transformation of the melanocytes in the skin. It is the deadliest form of skin cancer owing to its potential to metastasize. While recent advances in immuno-oncology have been successful in melanoma treatment, not all the patients respond to the treatment equally, thus individual pre-screening and personalized combination therapies are essential to stratify and monitor patients. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have emerged as promising biomarker candidates to tackle these challenges. EVs are ~50-1000-nm-sized, lipid bilayer-enclosed spheres, which are secreted by almost all cell types, including cancer cells. Their cargo, such as nucleic acids, proteins, lipids, amino acids, and metabolites, can be transferred to target cells. Thanks to these properties, EVs can both provide a multiplexed molecular fingerprint of the cell of origin and thus serve as potential biomarkers, or reveal pathways important for cancer progression that can be targeted pharmaceutically. In this review we give a general overview of EVs and focus on their impact on melanoma progression. In particular, we shed light on the role of EVs in shaping the tumor-stroma interactions that facilitate metastasis and summarize the latest findings on molecular profiling of EV-derived miRNAs and proteins that can serve as potential biomarkers for melanoma progression.
皮肤黑色素瘤起源于皮肤黑素细胞的恶性转化。由于其具有转移的可能性，它是最致命的皮肤癌形式。虽然免疫肿瘤学的最新进展在黑色素瘤治疗中取得了成功，但并非所有患者对治疗的反应都相同，因此个体预筛查和个性化联合治疗对于对患者进行分层和监测至关重要。细胞外囊泡（EVs）已成为应对这些挑战的有前景的生物标志物候选物。EVs是大小约为50-1000纳米、被脂质双层包裹的球体，几乎由所有细胞类型分泌，包括癌细胞。它们的货物，如核酸、蛋白质、脂质、氨基酸和代谢物，可以转移到靶细胞。由于这些特性，EVs既能提供起源细胞的多重分子指纹，从而作为潜在的生物标志物，又能揭示对癌症进展重要的途径，这些途径可以通过药物靶向。在这篇综述中，我们对EVs进行了总体概述，并重点关注它们对黑色素瘤进展的影响。特别是，我们阐明了EVs在塑造促进转移的肿瘤-基质相互作用中的作用，并总结了关于EV衍生的miRNA和蛋白质的分子谱分析的最新发现，这些miRNA和蛋白质可作为黑色素瘤进展的潜在生物标志物。
