Speranza Giorgio
Center for Materials and Microsystems-Fondazione Bruno Kessler, v. Sommarive 18, 38123 Trento, Italy.
Istituto Fotonica e Nanotecnologie-Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, CSMFO Lab., Via Alla Cascata 56/C Povo, 38123 Trento, Italy.
Materials (Basel). 2022 Jun 23;15(13):4434. doi: 10.3390/ma15134434.
Recently, the scientific community experienced two revolutionary events. The first was the synthesis of single-layer graphene, which boosted research in many different areas. The second was the advent of quantum technologies with the promise to become pervasive in several aspects of everyday life. In this respect, diamonds and nanodiamonds are among the most promising materials to develop quantum devices. Graphene and nanodiamonds can be coupled with other carbon nanostructures to enhance specific properties or be properly functionalized to tune their quantum response. This contribution briefly explores photoelectron spectroscopies and, in particular, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and then turns to the present applications of this technique for characterizing carbon nanomaterials. XPS is a qualitative and quantitative chemical analysis technique. It is surface-sensitive due to its limited sampling depth, which confines the analysis only to the outer few top-layers of the material surface. This enables researchers to understand the surface composition of the sample and how the chemistry influences its interaction with the environment. Although the chemical analysis remains the main information provided by XPS, modern instruments couple this information with spatial resolution and mapping or with the possibility to analyze the material in operando conditions at nearly atmospheric pressures. Examples of the application of photoelectron spectroscopies to the characterization of carbon nanostructures will be reviewed to present the potentialities of these techniques.
最近，科学界经历了两件具有革命性的事件。第一件是单层石墨烯的合成，这推动了许多不同领域的研究。第二件是量子技术的出现，有望在日常生活的多个方面得到广泛应用。在这方面，钻石和纳米钻石是开发量子器件最有前途的材料之一。石墨烯和纳米钻石可以与其他碳纳米结构耦合以增强特定性能，或者进行适当的功能化以调节它们的量子响应。本文简要探讨了光电子能谱，特别是X射线光电子能谱（XPS），然后转向该技术在表征碳纳米材料方面的当前应用。XPS是一种定性和定量的化学分析技术。由于其有限的采样深度，它对表面敏感，这使得分析仅限于材料表面的最外层少数几层。这使研究人员能够了解样品的表面组成以及化学性质如何影响其与环境的相互作用。尽管化学分析仍然是XPS提供的主要信息，但现代仪器将这些信息与空间分辨率和映射相结合，或者能够在接近大气压的操作条件下对材料进行分析。将回顾光电子能谱在表征碳纳米结构方面的应用实例，以展示这些技术的潜力。
