Boroujerdi Ramin, Paul Richard
Faculty of Science and Technology, Talbot Campus, Bournemouth University, Fern Barrow, Poole BH12 5BB, UK.
Nanomaterials (Basel). 2022 Jun 30;12(13):2250. doi: 10.3390/nano12132250.
Sensors developed from nanomaterials are increasingly used in a variety of fields, from simple wearable or medical sensors to be used at home to monitor health, to more complicated sensors being used by border customs or aviation industries. In recent times, nanoparticle-based sensors have begun to revolutionize drug-detection techniques, mainly due to their affordability, ease of use and portability, compared to conventional chromatography techniques. Thin graphene layers provide a significantly high surface to weight ratio compared to other nanomaterials, a characteristic that has led to the design of more sensitive and reliable sensors. The exceptional properties of graphene coupled with its potential to be tuned to target specific molecules have made graphene-based sensors one of the most popular and well-researched sensing materials of the past two decades with applications in environmental monitoring, medical diagnostics, and industries. Here, we present a review of developments in the applications of graphene-based sensors in sensing drugs such as cocaine, morphine, methamphetamine, ketamine, tramadol and so forth in the past decade. We compare graphene sensors with other sensors developed from ultrathin two-dimensional materials, such as transition-metal dichalcogenides, hexagonal boron nitrate, and MXenes, to measure drugs directly and indirectly, in various samples.
由纳米材料开发的传感器越来越多地应用于各种领域，从简单的可穿戴或家用医疗传感器用于监测健康，到边境海关或航空行业使用的更复杂的传感器。近年来，基于纳米颗粒的传感器已开始彻底改变药物检测技术，主要是因为与传统色谱技术相比，它们价格实惠、使用方便且便于携带。与其他纳米材料相比，薄石墨烯层具有显著高的表面重量比，这一特性导致了更灵敏、更可靠的传感器的设计。石墨烯的特殊性质及其针对特定分子进行调整的潜力，使基于石墨烯的传感器成为过去二十年中最受欢迎且研究充分的传感材料之一，应用于环境监测、医学诊断和工业领域。在此，我们综述了过去十年中基于石墨烯的传感器在检测可卡因、吗啡、甲基苯丙胺、氯胺酮、曲马多等药物方面的应用进展。我们将石墨烯传感器与其他由超薄二维材料（如过渡金属二硫属化物、六方氮化硼和MXenes）开发的传感器进行比较，以在各种样品中直接和间接测量药物。
