Centro de Investigação Em Saúde de Manhiça, Fundação Manhiça, Maputo, Mozambique.
ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain.
Malar J. 2022 Jul 10;21(1):215. doi: 10.1186/s12936-022-04233-3.
To eliminate malaria in southern Mozambique, the National Malaria Control Programme and its partners are scaling up indoor residual spraying (IRS) activities in two provinces, Gaza and Inhambane. An entomological surveillance planning tool (ESPT) was used to answer the programmatic question of whether IRS would be effective in target geographies, given limited information on local vector bionomics.
Entomological intelligence was collected in six sentinel sites at the end of the rainy season (April-May 2018) and the beginning of the dry season (June-July 2018). The primary objective was to provide an 'entomological snapshot' by collecting question-based, timely and high-quality data within one single week in each location. Host-seeking behaviour (both indoors and outdoors) was monitored by human-baited tent traps. Indoor resting behaviour was quantified by pyrethrum spray catches and window exit traps.
Five different species or species groups were identified: Anopheles funestus sensu lato (s.l.) (66.0%), Anopheles gambiae s.l. (14.0%), Anopheles pharoensis (1.4%), Anopheles tenebrosus (14.1%) and Anopheles ziemanni (4.5%). Anopheles funestus sensu stricto (s.s.) was the major vector among its sibling species, and 1.9% were positive for Plasmodium falciparum infections. Anopheles arabiensis was the most abundant vector species within the An. gambiae complex, but none tested positive for P. falciparum infections. Some An. tenebrosus were positive for P. falciparum (1.3%). When evaluating behaviours that impact IRS efficacy, i.e. endophily, the known primary vector An. funestus s.s., was found to rest indoors-demonstrating at least part of its population will be impacted by the intervention if insecticides are selected to which this vector is susceptible. However, other vector species, including An. gambiae s.l., An. tenebrosus, An. pharoensis and An. ziemanni, showed exophilic and exophagic behaviours in several of the districts surveilled.
The targeted approach to entomological surveillance was successful in collecting question-based entomological intelligence to inform decision-making about the use of IRS in specific districts. Endophilic An. funestus s.s. was documented as being the most prevalent and primary malaria vector suggesting that IRS can reduce malaria transmission, but the presence of other vector species both indoors and outdoors suggests that alternative vector control interventions that target these gaps in protection may increase the impact of vector control in southern Mozambique.
为了在莫桑比克南部消除疟疾，国家疟疾控制规划及其合作伙伴正在两个省加扎省和伊尼扬巴内省扩大室内残留喷洒（IRS）活动。使用昆虫学监测规划工具（ESPT）来回答方案问题，即鉴于当地媒介生物学的信息有限，IRS 是否会在目标地区有效。
在雨季结束时（2018 年 4 月至 5 月）和旱季开始时（2018 年 6 月至 7 月），在六个哨点收集昆虫学情报。主要目标是通过在每个地点内收集基于问题、及时和高质量的数据，提供一个“昆虫学快照”。通过人类诱饵帐篷陷阱监测求偶行为（室内和室外）。通过拟除虫菊酯喷雾捕获和窗出口陷阱量化室内休息行为。
确定了五种不同的物种或物种组：趋暗型（Anopheles funestus sensu lato，s.l.）（66.0%）、趋暗型冈比亚按蚊（Anopheles gambiae s.l.）（14.0%）、趋暗型法罗按蚊（Anopheles pharoensis）（1.4%）、趋暗型暗翅按蚊（Anopheles tenebrosus）（14.1%）和趋暗型齐曼按蚊（Anopheles ziemanni）（4.5%）。趋暗型冈比亚按蚊复合体中的主要媒介是趋暗型趋暗型（s.s.），其中 1.9%对恶性疟原虫感染呈阳性。在趋暗型冈比亚按蚊复合体中，趋暗型阿拉伯按蚊是最丰富的媒介物种，但没有一种对恶性疟原虫感染呈阳性。一些趋暗型暗翅按蚊对恶性疟原虫呈阳性（1.3%）。当评估影响 IRS 效果的行为，即内栖性时，发现已知的主要媒介趋暗型趋暗型（s.s.）在内栖息，这表明如果选择对这种媒介敏感的杀虫剂，该干预措施将至少对其部分种群产生影响。然而，在监测的几个地区，其他媒介物种，包括趋暗型冈比亚按蚊、趋暗型暗翅按蚊、趋暗型法罗按蚊和趋暗型齐曼按蚊，表现出嗜外和嗜食行为。
有针对性的昆虫学监测方法成功地收集了基于问题的昆虫学情报，为在特定地区使用 IRS 做出决策提供了信息。记录到内栖性趋暗型趋暗型（s.s.）是最普遍和主要的疟疾媒介，这表明 IRS 可以降低疟疾传播，但室内外其他媒介物种的存在表明，针对这些保护空白的替代媒介控制干预措施可能会增加莫桑比克南部的媒介控制效果。
