Usman Muhammad, Hüben Michael, Kato Takuro, Zwiener Christian, Wintgens Thomas, Linnemann Volker
Institute of Environmental Engineering, Environmental Analytical Laboratory, RWTH Aachen University, Mies-van-der-Rohe-Str.1, 52056 Aachen, Germany.
Fraunhofer IME, Auf dem Aberg 1, 57392 Schmallenberg, Germany.
Sci Total Environ. 2022 Nov 1;845:157338. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157338. Epub 2022 Jul 14.
Thermal spas are gaining more and more popularity among the population because they are used for recreational purposes. Disinfecting these baths without losing the health benefits poses a challenge for swimming pool operators. Previous studies have mainly focused on regulated chlorinated DBPs in freshwater pools with no bromide or seawater pools with very high bromide content. Thermal water pools have a low bromide content and in combination with chlorine can lead to chlorinated, brominated and mixed halogenated DBP species. The occurrence of brominated and mixed halogenated DBPs in these types of pools is largely unexplored, with very few or limited studies published on regulated DBPs and even fewer on emerging DBP classes. In the field of swimming pool water disinfection, apart from extensive studies in the field of drinking water disinfection, only a few studies are known in which >39 halogenated and 16 non-halogenated disinfection by-products, including regulated trihalomethanes (THM) and haloacetic acids (HAA), were investigated in swimming pool water. Calculated bromine incorporation factor (BIF) demonstrated that even small amounts of bromide in swimming pool water can lead to a large shift in DBP species towards brominated and mixed halogenated DBPs. Dihaloacetonitriles (DHANs) accounted for >50% of the calculated cytotoxicity and genotoxicity on average. Comparison of the target analysis with the TOX showed that a major part of the measured TOX (69% on average) could be explained by the regulated classes THMs, HAAs, and the unregulated class of HANs. This study aims to help operators of swimming pools with bromide-containing water to gain a better understanding of DBP formation in future monitoring and to fill the knowledge gap that has existed so far on the occurrence of DBPs in thermal water pools.
温泉浴场在人群中越来越受欢迎，因为它们用于娱乐目的。在不损失健康益处的情况下对这些浴场进行消毒，对游泳池经营者来说是一项挑战。以前的研究主要集中在不含溴化物的淡水游泳池或溴化物含量非常高的海水游泳池中的受管制氯化消毒副产物。热水池的溴化物含量低，与氯结合会产生氯化、溴化和混合卤化的消毒副产物。这些类型的游泳池中溴化和混合卤化消毒副产物的出现情况在很大程度上尚未得到探索，关于受管制消毒副产物的研究很少或有限，关于新兴消毒副产物类别的研究更少。在游泳池水消毒领域，除了饮用水消毒领域的广泛研究外，已知只有少数研究对游泳池水中超过39种卤化和16种非卤化消毒副产物进行了调查，包括受管制的三卤甲烷（THM）和卤乙酸（HAA）。计算得出的溴掺入因子（BIF）表明，即使游泳池水中含有少量溴化物，也会导致消毒副产物种类向溴化和混合卤化消毒副产物大幅转变。二卤乙腈（DHANs）平均占计算出的细胞毒性和遗传毒性的50%以上。目标分析与总有机卤（TOX）的比较表明，所测TOX的主要部分（平均69%）可以由受管制类别THMs、HAAs和不受管制类别HANs来解释。本研究旨在帮助含溴水游泳池的经营者在未来监测中更好地了解消毒副产物的形成，并填补迄今为止关于热水池中消毒副产物出现情况存在的知识空白。
