Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, LCE UMR 7376, 13331 Marseille, France.
Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, IRD, Avignon Université, IMBE UMR 7263, Laboratoire de Mutagénèse Environnementale, 13385, Marseille, France.
Environ Int. 2016 Mar;88:94-102. doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2015.12.028. Epub 2015 Dec 29.
Exposure to disinfection byproducts (DBPs) in swimming pools has been linked to adverse health effects. Numerous DBPs that occur in swimming pools are genotoxic and carcinogenic. This toxicity is of a greater concern in the case of brominated DBPs that have been shown to have substantially greater toxicities than their chlorinated analogs. In chlorinated seawater swimming pools, brominated DBPs are formed due to the high content of bromide. Nevertheless, very little data is reported about DBP occurrence and mutagenicity of water in these pools. In the present study, three seawater and one freshwater swimming pools located in Southeastern France were investigated to determine qualitatively and quantitatively their DBP contents. An evaluation of the genotoxic properties of water samples of the freshwater pool and a seawater pool was conducted through the Salmonella assay (Ames test). The predominant DBPs identified in the freshwater pool were chlorinated species and included trichloroacetic acid, chloral hydrate, dichloroacetonitrile, 1,1,1-trichloropropanone and chloroform. In the seawater pools, brominated DBPs were the predominant species and included dibromoacetic acid, bromoform and dibromoacetonitile. Bromal hydrate levels were also reported. In both types of pools, haloacetic acids were the most prevalent chemical class among the analyzed DBP classes. The distribution of other DBP classes varied depending on the type of pool. As to genotoxicity, the results of Ames test showed higher mutagenicity in the freshwater pool as a consequence of its considerably higher DBP contents in comparison to the tested seawater pool.
游泳池中消毒剂副产物（DBPs）的暴露与健康不良影响有关。在游泳池中产生的许多 DBPs 具有遗传毒性和致癌性。在溴化 DBPs 的情况下，这种毒性更为令人关注，因为已经证明它们的毒性比氯化类似物大得多。在氯化海水游泳池中，由于溴化物含量高，会形成溴化 DBPs。然而，关于这些游泳池中 DBPs 的出现和水的致突变性的数据非常少。在本研究中，调查了法国东南部的三个海水游泳池和一个淡水游泳池，以定性和定量地确定它们的 DBPs 含量。通过沙门氏菌测定法（Ames 试验）评估了淡水游泳池和海水游泳池的水样的遗传毒性特性。在淡水游泳池中鉴定出的主要 DBPs 是氯化物种，包括三氯乙酸、水合氯醛、二氯乙腈、1,1,1-三氯丙烷和三氯甲烷。在海水游泳池中，溴化 DBPs 是主要的物种，包括二溴乙酸、溴仿和二溴乙腈。还报告了水合溴醛的水平。在这两种类型的游泳池中，卤代乙酸是分析的 DBPs 类别中最普遍的化学类别。其他 DBPs 类别的分布因游泳池类型而异。至于遗传毒性，Ames 试验的结果表明，由于其 DBPs 含量明显高于测试的海水游泳池，因此淡水游泳池的致突变性更高。
