Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, 631 Sumter St., Columbia, SC 29208, USA.
Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, 631 Sumter St., Columbia, SC 29208, USA.
J Environ Sci (China). 2022 Jul;117:232-241. doi: 10.1016/j.jes.2022.04.044. Epub 2022 May 14.
Disinfectants are added to swimming pools to kill harmful pathogens. Although liquid chlorine (sodium hypochlorite) is the most commonly used disinfectant, alternative disinfection techniques like electrochemically generated mixed oxidants or electrochemically generated chlorine, often referred to as salt water pools, are growing in popularity. However, these disinfectants react with natural organic matter and anthropogenic contaminants introduced to the pool water by swimmers to form disinfection byproducts (DBPs). DBPs have been linked to several adverse health effects, such as bladder cancer, adverse birth outcomes, and asthma. In this study, we quantified 60 DBPs using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and assessed the calculated cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of an indoor community swimming pool before and after switching to a salt water pool with electrochemically generated chlorine. Interestingly, the total DBPs increased by 15% upon implementation of the salt water pool, but the calculated cytotoxicity and genotoxicity decreased by 45% and 15%, respectively. Predominant DBP classes formed were haloacetic acids, with trichloroacetic acid and dichloroacetic acid contributing 57% of the average total DBPs formed. Haloacetonitriles, haloacetic acids, and haloacetaldehydes were the primary drivers of calculated cytotoxicity, and haloacetic acids were the primary driver of calculated genotoxicity. Diiodoacetic acid, a highly toxic iodinated DBP, is reported for the first time in swimming pool water. Bromide impurities in sodium chloride used to electrochemically generate chlorine led to a 73% increase in brominated DBPs, primarily driven by bromochloroacetic acid. This study presents the most extensive DBP study to-date for salt water pools.
消毒剂被添加到游泳池中以杀死有害病原体。尽管液态氯（次氯酸钠）是最常用的消毒剂，但替代消毒技术，如电化学产生的混合氧化剂或电化学产生的氯，通常被称为盐水池，越来越受欢迎。然而，这些消毒剂与天然有机物以及游泳者引入泳池水中的人为污染物反应，形成消毒副产物（DBPs）。DBPs 与几种不良健康影响有关，如膀胱癌、不良出生结局和哮喘。在这项研究中，我们使用气相色谱-质谱法定量了 60 种 DBPs，并评估了室内社区游泳池在切换为电化学产生的氯的盐水池前后的计算细胞毒性和遗传毒性。有趣的是，在实施盐水池后，总 DBPs 增加了 15%，但计算出的细胞毒性和遗传毒性分别降低了 45%和 15%。形成的主要 DBPs 类是卤代乙酸，其中三氯乙酸和二氯乙酸占形成的总 DBPs 的 57%。卤代乙腈、卤代乙酸和卤代乙醛是计算细胞毒性的主要驱动因素，而卤代乙酸是计算遗传毒性的主要驱动因素。二碘乙酸是一种毒性很高的碘化 DBPs，这是首次在游泳池水中报告。用于电化学产生氯的氯化钠中的溴化物杂质导致溴代 DBPs 增加了 73%，主要由溴氯乙酸驱动。本研究报告了迄今为止对盐水池的最广泛的 DBP 研究。
