Ifa La, Syarif Takdir, Sartia Sartia, Juliani Juliani, Nurdjannah Nurdjannah, Kusuma Heri Septya
Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Industrial Technology, Universitas Muslim Indonesia, Jalan Urip Sumoharjo Km 05, Makassar, South Sulawesi, Indonesia.
Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Industrial Technology, Universitas Pembangunan Nasional "Veteran" Yogyakarta, Indonesia.
Heliyon. 2022 Mar 21;8(3):e09146. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09146. eCollection 2022 Mar.
The quality of crude palm oil (CPO) is generally determined by the levels of free fatty acids (FFA). This helps in balancing the level of acidity during transportation and storage processes. However, high FFA in CPO is not good for consumer health. One of the methods for adsorbing FFA is adsorption, which is the adhesion of atoms, ions, or molecules from a gas, liquid, or dissolved solid to a surface. Therefore, this study aims to analyze the effect of contact time (40, 80 and 120 min) and Coconut Coir (CC) bioadsorbent concentrations of 1, 2 and 3 (%, w/v) on the reduction of CPO FFA levels. This began with the activation of CC biochar synthesis by using NaOH and HCl, which produced CC-NaOH and CC-HCl bioadsorbents based on the product of NaOH. Furthermore, the adsorption process was carried out by mixing CPO with CC-NaOH and CC-HCl bioadsorbents in a three-necked flask. After this, the filtrate product was obtained and analyzed for its FFA levels. The results showed that the largest percentage reduction for the effect of bioadsorbent concentration was 3% (w/v) at a contact time of 120 min. It also indicated that this study enabled lower levels of FFA in CPO. Based on the detailed cost estimate, the production cost of the CC-NaOH bioadsorbent was USD 481,874, sold at USD 95/ton with annual sales and net profit (after tax) at USD 684,000 and USD 141,188, respectively. This profit after tax and rate of return on investment was found to be 20.68 and 39.49% of the entire estimation, respectively. It also had a payback period of 2.95 years and a break-even point at a capacity of 43.16%. In addition, the prepared adsorbent showed significant ability as an inexpensive, reproducible and environmentally friendly compound used in reducing the FFA levels of CPO.
毛棕榈油（CPO）的质量通常由游离脂肪酸（FFA）的含量决定。这有助于在运输和储存过程中平衡酸度水平。然而，CPO中高含量的FFA对消费者健康不利。吸附FFA的方法之一是吸附，即气体、液体或溶解固体中的原子、离子或分子附着到表面。因此，本研究旨在分析接触时间（40、80和120分钟）以及椰壳（CC）生物吸附剂浓度1%、2%和3%（w/v）对降低CPO中FFA含量的影响。这首先通过使用NaOH和HCl对CC生物炭进行活化合成，基于NaOH的产物制备出CC-NaOH和CC-HCl生物吸附剂。此外，吸附过程是在三颈烧瓶中将CPO与CC-NaOH和CC-HCl生物吸附剂混合进行的。之后，获得滤液产物并分析其FFA含量。结果表明，在接触时间为120分钟时，生物吸附剂浓度为3%（w/v）时FFA含量降低的百分比最大。这也表明本研究能够降低CPO中FFA的含量。基于详细的成本估算，CC-NaOH生物吸附剂的生产成本为481,874美元，售价为95美元/吨，年销售额和净利润（税后）分别为684,000美元和141,188美元。发现该税后利润和投资回报率分别占整个估算的20.68%和39.49%。其投资回收期为2.95年，盈亏平衡点产能为43.16%。此外，制备的吸附剂作为一种用于降低CPO中FFA含量的廉价、可重复且环保的化合物表现出显著的能力。
