Hussein Hanaa Ali, Kassim Murni Nur Islamiah, Maulidiani M, Abas Faridah, Abdullah Mohd Azmuddin
Institute of Marine Biotechnology, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia.
College of Dentistry, University of Basrah, Basrah, Iraq.
Heliyon. 2022 Mar 26;8(3):e09192. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09192. eCollection 2022 Mar.
This study evaluated the cytotoxic activity of Tamoxifen (TMX), an anti-estrogen drug, with microalgal crude extracts (MCEs) in single and synergistic application (TMX-MCEs) on MCF-7 and 4T1 breast cancer cells, and non-cancerous Vero cells. The MCEs of , and sp. from five different solvents (methanol, MET; ethanol, ETH; water, W; chloroform, CHL; and hexane, HEX) were developed. The TMX-MCEs-ETH and W at the 1:2 and 1:3 ratios, attained IC of 15.84-29.51 μg/mL against MCF-7; 13.8-31.62 μg/mL against 4T1; and 24.54-85.11 μg/mL against Vero cells. Higher late apoptosis was exhibited against MCF-7 by the TMX--ETH (41.15 %); and by the TMX--ETH (65.69 %) against 4T1 cells. The TMX--ETH also showed higher ADP/ATP ratios, but comparable Caspase activities to control. For Vero cells, overall apoptotic effects were lowered with synergistic application, and only early apoptosis was higher with TMX--ETH but at lower levels (29.84 %). The MCEs-W showed the presence of alanine, oleic acid, linoleic acid, lactic acid, and fumaric acid. Based on Principal Component Analysis (PCA), the spectral signals for polar solvents such as MET and ETH, were found in the same cluster, while the non-polar solvent CHL was with HEX, suggesting similar chemical profiles clustered for the same polarity. The CHL and HEX were more effective with and which were of the marine origin, while the ETH and MET were more effective with sp., which was of the freshwater origin. The synergistic application of microalgal bioactive compounds with TMX can maintain the cytotoxicity against breast cancer cells whilst reducing the toxicity against non-cancerous Vero cells. These findings will benefit the biopharmaceutical, and functional and healthy food industries.
本研究评估了抗雌激素药物他莫昔芬(TMX)与微藻粗提物(MCEs)单独及协同应用(TMX-MCEs)对MCF-7和4T1乳腺癌细胞以及非癌性Vero细胞的细胞毒性活性。开发了来自五种不同溶剂(甲醇,MET;乙醇,ETH;水,W;氯仿,CHL;己烷,HEX)的、 和 属微藻的MCEs。TMX-MCEs-ETH和W以1:2和1:3的比例,对MCF-7的半数抑制浓度(IC)达到15.84 - 29.51μg/mL;对4T1为13.8 - 31.62μg/mL;对Vero细胞为24.54 - 85.11μg/mL。TMX--ETH对MCF-7表现出更高的晚期凋亡率(41.15%);TMX--ETH对4T1细胞的晚期凋亡率为65.69%。TMX--ETH还显示出更高的ADP/ATP比值,但与对照相比,半胱天冬酶活性相当。对于Vero细胞,协同应用降低了总体凋亡效应,只有TMX--ETH的早期凋亡率较高,但水平较低(29.84%)。MCEs-W显示存在丙氨酸、油酸、亚油酸、乳酸和富马酸。基于主成分分析(PCA),发现极性溶剂如MET和ETH的光谱信号位于同一簇中,而非极性溶剂CHL与HEX在一起,这表明相同极性的化学谱聚集在一起。CHL和HEX对海洋来源的 和 更有效,而ETH和MET对淡水来源的 属更有效。微藻生物活性化合物与TMX的协同应用可维持对乳腺癌细胞的细胞毒性,同时降低对非癌性Vero细胞的毒性。这些发现将有益于生物制药、功能性和健康食品行业。
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