School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, 632014, Tamil Nadu, India.
School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, 632014, Tamil Nadu, India.
Environ Res. 2022 Nov;214(Pt 2):113919. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113919. Epub 2022 Jul 19.
A particle with a diameter ranging from 1 to 100 nm is considered a nanoparticle (NP). Owing to their small size and high surface area, NPs possess unique physical, chemical and biological properties as compared to their bulkier counterparts. This paper describes various physico-chemical as well as green methods that can be used to synthesize different types of NPs including carbon-based, ceramic, metal, semiconductor, polymeric and lipid-based NPs. These methods can be categorized into either top-down or bottom-up approaches. Electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, dynamic light scattering, X-ray diffraction, zeta-potential instrument, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis are the techniques discussed in the characterization of NPs. This review provides an insight into the extraordinary properties of NPs that have opened the doors for endless biomedical applications like drug delivery, photo-ablation therapy, biosensors, bio-imaging and hyperthermia. In addition, NPs are also involved in improving crop growth, making protective clothing, cosmetics and energy reserves. This review also specifies adverse health effects associated with NPs such as hepatotoxicity, genotoxicity, neurotoxicity, etc., and inhibitory effects on plant growth and aquatic life. Further, in-vitro toxicity assessment assays for cell proliferation, apoptosis, necrosis and oxidative stress, as well as in-vivo toxicity assessment like biodistribution, clearance, hematological, serological and histological studies, are discussed here. Lastly, the authors have mentioned various measures that can be adopted to minimize the toxicity associated with NPs such as green synthesis, use of stabilizers, gene gun, polymer shell, microneedle capsule, etc.
直径在 1 至 100nm 之间的颗粒被认为是纳米颗粒（NP）。由于其体积小、表面积大，与体积较大的同类物质相比，NP 具有独特的物理、化学和生物学特性。本文介绍了各种物理化学和绿色方法，可用于合成不同类型的 NP，包括碳基、陶瓷、金属、半导体、聚合物和基于脂质的 NP。这些方法可以分为自上而下或自下而上的方法。电子显微镜、原子力显微镜、动态光散射、X 射线衍射、Zeta 电位仪、液相色谱-质谱联用仪、傅里叶变换红外光谱和热重分析是讨论的 NP 表征技术。本文综述了 NP 的非凡特性，为药物输送、光消融治疗、生物传感器、生物成像和高热疗等无尽的生物医学应用打开了大门。此外，NP 还参与了提高作物生长、制造防护服、化妆品和能源储备。本文还具体说明了与 NP 相关的不良健康影响，如肝毒性、遗传毒性、神经毒性等，以及对植物生长和水生生物的抑制作用。此外，还讨论了细胞增殖、细胞凋亡、细胞坏死和氧化应激的体外毒性评估测定法，以及生物分布、清除率、血液学、血清学和组织学研究等体内毒性评估。最后，作者提到了可以采取的各种措施来最大程度地减少与 NP 相关的毒性，例如绿色合成、使用稳定剂、基因枪、聚合物壳、微针胶囊等。
