Shaalan Abeer, Lee Sunjae, Feart Catherine, Garcia-Esquinas Esther, Gomez-Cabrero David, Lopez-Garcia Esther, Morzel Martine, Neyraud Eric, Rodriguez-Artalejo Fernando, Streich Ricarda, Proctor Gordon
Faculty of Dentistry, Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, Centre for Host Microbiome Interactions, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.
School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, South Korea.
Front Nutr. 2022 Jul 6;9:914715. doi: 10.3389/fnut.2022.914715. eCollection 2022.
The Mediterranean diet (MedDiet) represents the traditional food consumption patterns of people living in countries bordering the Mediterranean Sea and is associated with a reduced incidence of obesity and type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The objective of this study was to examine differences in the composition of the oral microbiome in older adults with T2DM and/or high body mass index (BMI) and whether the microbiome was influenced by elements of a MedDiet. Using a nested case-control design individuals affected by T2DM were selected from the Seniors-ENRICA-2 cohort concurrently with non-diabetic controls. BMI was measured, a validated dietary history taken, and adherence to a Mediterranean diet calculated using the MEDAS (Mediterranean Diet Adherence Screener) index. Oral health status was assessed by questionnaire and unstimulated whole mouth saliva was collected, and salivary flow rate calculated. Richness and diversity of the salivary microbiome were reduced in participants with T2DM compared to those without diabetes. The bacterial community structure in saliva showed distinct "signatures" or "salivatypes," characterized by predominance of particular bacterial genera. Salivatype 1 was more represented in subjects with T2DM, whilst those with obesity (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m) had a predominance of salivatype 2, and control participants without T2DM or obesity had an increased presence of salivatype 3. There was an association of salivatype 1 with increased consumption of sugary snacks combined with reduced consumption of fish/shellfish and nuts. It can be concluded that the microbial community structure of saliva is altered in T2DM and obesity and is associated with altered consumption of particular food items. In order to further substantiate these observations a prospective study should be undertaken to assess the impact of diets aimed at modifying diabetic status and reducing weight.
地中海饮食（MedDiet）代表了生活在地中海沿岸国家人们的传统食物消费模式，与肥胖症和2型糖尿病（T2DM）发病率降低有关。本研究的目的是检查患有T2DM和/或高体重指数（BMI）的老年人口腔微生物群组成的差异，以及微生物群是否受地中海饮食元素的影响。采用巢式病例对照设计，从老年人-ENRICA-2队列中选取患有T2DM的个体，同时选取非糖尿病对照。测量BMI，获取经过验证的饮食史，并使用MEDAS（地中海饮食依从性筛查工具）指数计算对地中海饮食的依从性。通过问卷调查评估口腔健康状况，收集非刺激性全口唾液，并计算唾液流速。与未患糖尿病的参与者相比，患有T2DM的参与者唾液微生物群的丰富度和多样性降低。唾液中的细菌群落结构显示出不同的“特征”或“唾液型”，其特征是特定细菌属占优势。唾液型1在患有T2DM的受试者中更为常见，而肥胖（BMI≥30kg/m²）的受试者中唾液型2占优势，没有T2DM或肥胖的对照参与者中唾液型3的存在增加。唾液型1与含糖零食摄入量增加以及鱼类/贝类和坚果摄入量减少有关。可以得出结论，T2DM和肥胖症患者唾液的微生物群落结构发生了改变，并且与特定食物的摄入量改变有关。为了进一步证实这些观察结果，应进行一项前瞻性研究，以评估旨在改善糖尿病状况和减轻体重的饮食的影响。
