Department of Physics and Chemistry of Materials, Danube Private University, 3500 Krems, Austria.
Biosensor Technologies, Austrian Institute of Technology, 3430 Tulln, Austria.
Sensors (Basel). 2022 Jul 19;22(14):5379. doi: 10.3390/s22145379.
Polyaniline (PANI) films are promising candidates for electronic nose-based IoT applications, but device performances are influenced by fabrication parameters and ambient conditions. Affinities of different PANI composites to analytes for gas sensing applications remain elusive. In this study, we investigate the material properties in detail for two different dopant systems: F4TCNQ and carbon black. Using a reproducibility-driven approach, we investigate different dopant concentrations in regard to their sensitivity and specificity towards five relevant markers for breath cancer diagnosis. We benchmark the system using ammonia measurements and evaluate limits of detection. Furthermore, we provide statistical analysis on reproducibility and pave the way towards machine learning discrimination via principal component analysis. The influence of relative humidity on sensor hysteresis is also investigated. We find that F4TCNQ-doped PANI films show improved reproducibility compared to carbon black-doped films. We establish and quantify a tradeoff between sensitivity, reproducibility, and environmental stability by the choice of dopant and concentrations ratios.
聚苯胺（PANI）薄膜是基于电子鼻的物联网应用的有前途的候选材料，但器件性能受到制造参数和环境条件的影响。不同 PANI 复合材料对气体传感应用中分析物的亲和力仍然难以捉摸。在这项研究中，我们详细研究了两种不同掺杂体系的材料特性：F4TCNQ 和炭黑。使用可重复性驱动的方法，我们研究了不同掺杂浓度对五种与呼吸癌诊断相关标志物的灵敏度和特异性。我们使用氨测量来基准测试系统，并评估检测限。此外，我们对可重复性进行了统计分析，并通过主成分分析为机器学习判别铺平了道路。还研究了相对湿度对传感器滞后的影响。我们发现，与炭黑掺杂薄膜相比，F4TCNQ 掺杂的 PANI 薄膜具有更好的重现性。我们通过选择掺杂剂和浓度比来确定和量化灵敏度、重现性和环境稳定性之间的权衡。
