Schommer Jon C, Lee SuHak, Gaither Caroline A, Alvarez Nancy A, Shaughnessy April M
College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, 308 Harvard Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
R. Ken Coit College of Pharmacy-Phoenix, University of Arizona, 650 East Van Buren Street, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA.
Pharmacy (Basel). 2022 Jun 22;10(4):67. doi: 10.3390/pharmacy10040067.
This study applied a human factors and ergonomics approach to describe community-based pharmacy personnel perspectives regarding how work environment characteristics affect the ability to perform the duties necessary for optimal patient care and how contributors to stress affect the ability to ensure patient safety. Data were obtained from the 2021 APhA/NASPA National State-Based Pharmacy Workplace Survey, launched in the United States in April 2021. Promotion of the online survey to pharmacists and pharmacy technicians was accomplished through social media, email, and online periodicals. Responses continued to be received through the end of 2021. A data file containing 6973 responses was downloaded on 7 January 2022 for analysis. Qualitative thematic analysis was applied for developing operational definitions and coding guidelines for content analysis of the data. The patterns of responses for the dependent variables were compared among community-based practice setting types (chain, supermarket/mass merchandiser, and independent) and work positions (manager, staff pharmacist, technician/clerk, and owner). Chi-square analysis was used for determining statistically significant differences. The findings showed that personnel working in community-based pharmacies reported undesirable work environments and work stress that affected their ability to perform assigned duties for optimal patient care and ensure patient safety. Four work system elements were identified that were both facilitators and barriers to the ability to perform duties and ensure patient safety: (1) people, (2) tasks, (3) technology/tools, and (4) organizational context. Acknowledging local contexts of workplaces, giving adequate control, applying adaptive thinking, enhancing connectivity, building on existing mechanisms, and dynamic continuous learning are key elements for applying the HFE (human factors ergonomics) approach to improving the experience of providing care in community-based pharmacies.
本研究采用人因工程学方法，以描述社区药房工作人员对于工作环境特征如何影响提供最佳患者护理所需职责的履行能力，以及压力源如何影响确保患者安全能力的看法。数据来源于2021年4月在美国开展的2021年美国药师协会/全国州级药房工作场所调查。通过社交媒体、电子邮件和在线期刊向药剂师和药房技术员推广在线调查。直到2021年底仍不断收到回复。于2022年1月7日下载了包含6973份回复的数据文件用于分析。应用定性主题分析来制定数据内容分析的操作定义和编码指南。比较了不同社区实践环境类型（连锁、超市/大卖场和独立药房）和工作岗位（经理、药剂师、技术员/店员和店主）中因变量的回答模式。使用卡方分析来确定统计学上的显著差异。研究结果表明，在社区药房工作的人员报告了不良的工作环境和工作压力，这影响了他们履行分配职责以提供最佳患者护理和确保患者安全的能力。确定了四个工作系统要素，它们既是履行职责和确保患者安全能力的促进因素，也是障碍：（1）人员，（2）任务，（3）技术/工具，以及（4）组织背景。认识到工作场所的当地情况、给予充分的控制权、运用适应性思维、加强连通性、基于现有机制以及进行动态持续学习，是应用人因工程学方法改善社区药房护理提供体验的关键要素。
