George Sheeba, Jean-Baptiste Wilford, Yusuf Ali Amina, Inyang Bithaiah, Koshy Feeba Sam, George Kitty, Poudel Prakar, Chalasani Roopa, Goonathilake Mastiyage R, Waqar Sara, Mohammed Lubna
Research, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA.
Pediatrics, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA.
Cureus. 2022 Jun 24;14(6):e26288. doi: 10.7759/cureus.26288. eCollection 2022 Jun.
The incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and its potential complications, such as cancers, are increasing worldwide at an astounding rate. There are many factors such as obesity, diabetes, alcohol consumption, and the adoption of sedentary lifestyles that are driving pancreatic cancer (PC) to become one of the leading causes of cancer mortality in the United States. PC is notorious for its generic symptoms and late-stage presentation with rapid metastasis. The connection between T2DM and the risk of PC development is multifaceted and complex. Some of the proposed theories reveal that chronic inflammation, insulin resistance, hyperinsulinemia, hyperglycemia, and abnormalities in the insulin and insulin-like growth factor axis (IGF) contribute to the disease association between these two conditions. This literature review aims to highlight relevant studies and explore the molecular mechanisms involved in the etiology of diabetes and its impact on PC development, as well as the role of anti-diabetic agents on PC. Despite extensive studies, the exact interaction between T2DM and PC remains obscure and will need further investigation. According to current knowledge, there is a substantial link between diabetes, obesity, and dietary patterns in the development and progression of PC. Consequently, focusing our efforts on preventive measures by reducing modifiable risk factors remains the most effective strategy to reduce the risk of PC at this time. Antidiabetic drugs can have various effects on the occurrence and prognosis of PC with metformin offering a clear benefit of inhibiting PC and insulin increasing the risk of PC. The development of future novel therapies will require a deeper knowledge of the triggering mechanisms and interplay between these two disease states.
2型糖尿病（T2DM）及其潜在并发症（如癌症）的发病率在全球正以惊人的速度上升。肥胖、糖尿病、饮酒以及久坐不动的生活方式等多种因素正促使胰腺癌（PC）成为美国癌症死亡的主要原因之一。胰腺癌因其常见症状和伴有快速转移的晚期表现而声名狼藉。T2DM与PC发生风险之间的联系是多方面且复杂的。一些提出的理论表明，慢性炎症、胰岛素抵抗、高胰岛素血症、高血糖以及胰岛素和胰岛素样生长因子轴（IGF）异常促成了这两种病症之间的疾病关联。这篇文献综述旨在突出相关研究，并探讨糖尿病病因中涉及的分子机制及其对PC发生的影响，以及抗糖尿病药物对PC的作用。尽管进行了广泛研究，但T2DM与PC之间的确切相互作用仍不明确，需要进一步研究。根据目前的知识，糖尿病、肥胖和饮食模式在PC的发生和发展中存在实质性联系。因此，目前通过减少可改变的风险因素来集中精力采取预防措施仍然是降低PC风险的最有效策略。抗糖尿病药物对PC的发生和预后可能有各种影响，二甲双胍具有抑制PC的明显益处，而胰岛素会增加PC的风险。未来新型疗法的开发将需要更深入了解这两种疾病状态之间的触发机制和相互作用。
