Khan Tayyab Mumtaz, Anwar Muhammad Saad, Shafique Zubair, Nawaz Fatima Kausar, Karim Muhammad Sikandar, Saifullah Danish, Mehmood Muhammad Zeshan
Surgery, Rawalpindi Medical University, Rawalpindi, PAK.
Neurology, AINeuroCare, Dallas, USA.
Cureus. 2022 Jun 24;14(6):e26274. doi: 10.7759/cureus.26274. eCollection 2022 Jun.
Background Nephrolithiasis (renal stones) is the most common urological disease. Its prevalence is high in every part of the world. Several factors lead to renal stone formation. In Pakistan, nephrolithiasis prevalence is also high as Pakistan is located in a region which is known as the salt belt. However, nephrolithiasis and its possible risk factors are under-researched in Pakistan. Objective This study aims to identify the risk factors for nephrolithiasis among admitted patients with renal stones. This may lead to a reduction in renal stone incidence and its allied complications by the prevention of risk factors that would have a major role in renal stone formation. Material and methods This descriptive cross-sectional study was performed among the 143 admitted patients with renal stones in the urology ward of Benazir Bhutto Hospital, Rawalpindi, for approximately six months from November 2021 to April 2022. Non-probability convenient sampling and developed inclusion and exclusion criteria were used for the recruitment of patients. After elaborating on the objectives, the study data were collected by interviewers through a self-structured questionnaire. Descriptive analysis was carried out using SPSS version 25.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY). Results Nephrolithiasis was more prevalent among patients who had an age group range of 15-30 years (47.55%), male gender (56.65%), illiterate educational status (53.14%), lower socioeconomic status (66.43%), inadequate intake of water (61.53%), used tap water (56.64%), a habit of daily vegetable intake (65.04%), sedentary lifestyle (51.74%), family history of renal stones (57.34%), no diabetes mellitus (62.94%), no hypertension (52.45%), and overweight (48.23%). Conclusion In brief, the age group of 15-30 years, male gender, illiteracy, lower socioeconomic status, insufficient water intake, tap water, high vegetables, inactive lifestyle, family history of nephrolithiasis, and a high BMI all increase the risk of nephrolithiasis.
肾结石是最常见的泌尿系统疾病。其在世界各个地区的患病率都很高。多种因素会导致肾结石形成。在巴基斯坦，肾结石患病率也很高，因为巴基斯坦位于一个被称为盐带的地区。然而，在巴基斯坦，肾结石及其可能的风险因素研究不足。
本研究旨在确定肾结石住院患者中肾结石的风险因素。这可能通过预防在肾结石形成中起主要作用的风险因素来降低肾结石发病率及其相关并发症。
这项描述性横断面研究于2021年11月至2022年4月在拉瓦尔品第贝娜齐尔·布托医院泌尿外科病房对143例肾结石住院患者进行，为期约六个月。采用非概率方便抽样和制定的纳入与排除标准来招募患者。在阐述研究目的后，研究数据由访谈者通过自行编制的问卷收集。使用SPSS 25.0版（IBM公司，纽约州阿蒙克）进行描述性分析。
肾结石在年龄范围为15至30岁的患者中更为普遍（47.55%），男性（56.65%），文盲教育程度（53.14%），社会经济地位较低（66.43%），水摄入量不足（61.53%），使用自来水（56.64%），有每日摄入蔬菜的习惯（65.04%），久坐的生活方式（51.74%），有肾结石家族史（57.34%），无糖尿病（62.94%），无高血压（52.45%）以及超重（48.23%）的患者中更为常见。
简而言之，15至30岁年龄组、男性、文盲、社会经济地位较低、水摄入量不足、自来水、高蔬菜摄入量、不活跃的生活方式、肾结石家族史以及高体重指数均会增加患肾结石的风险。
