Mastitis.

Bovine mycoplasmoses, which is mostly caused by , is a significant problem in the dairy and beef industry. Mycoplasmal mastitis has a global occurrence with notable effects in the United States and Europe. The pathogen was first detected in a mastitis case in California, United States, and regarded as major contagious mastitis. It is highly contagious and resistant to antibiotics and lack cell wall rendering certain group of antibiotics ineffective. Outbreaks mostly originate from introduction of diseased dairy cows to a farm and poor hygienic practices that help to maintain cow to cow transmission. Rapid detection scheme is needed to be in place in dairy farms to devise preventive measures and stop future outbreaks. However; early detection is hampered by the fastidious growth of and the need for specialized equipment and reagents in laboratory settings. Intramammary infections cause elevation in milk somatic cell count which is one of the important factors to determine milk quality for grading and hence dictates milk price. There are multiple attributes of regarded as virulence factors such as adhesion to and invasion into host cells, avoidance of phagocytosis, resistance to killing by the alternative complement system, biofilm formation, and hydrogen peroxide production. Nevertheless, there are still undetermined virulence factors that hamper the development of sustainable control tools such as effective vaccine. To date, most vaccine trials have failed, and there is no commercial mastitis vaccine. has been shown to modulate both humoral and cellular immune response during bovine mastitis. In the future, research seeking new immunogenic and protective vaccine targets are highly recommended to control this important dairy cattle disease worldwide.