State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
Biomater Adv. 2022 Apr;135:212725. doi: 10.1016/j.bioadv.2022.212725. Epub 2022 Apr 22.
The increasing cancer morbidity and mortality requires the development of high-efficiency and low-toxicity anticancer approaches. In recent years, photodynamic therapy (PDT) has attracted much attention in cancer therapy due to its non-invasive features and low side effects. Photosensitizer (PS) is one of the key factors of PDT, and its successful delivery largely determines the outcome of PDT. Although a few PS molecules have been approved for clinical use, PDT is still limited by the low stability and poor tumor targeting capacity of PSs. Various nanomaterial systems have shown great potentials in improving PDT, such as metal nanoparticles, graphene-based nanomaterials, liposomes, ROS-sensitive nanocarriers and supramolecular nanomaterials. The small molecular PSs can be loaded in functional nanomaterials to enhance the PS stability and tumor targeted delivery, and some functionalized nanomaterials themselves can be directly used as PSs. Herein, we aim to provide a comprehensive understanding of PDT, and summarize the recent progress of nanomaterials-based PSs and delivery systems in anticancer PDT. In addition, the concerns of nanomaterials-based PDT including low tumor targeting capacity, limited light penetration, hypoxia and nonspecific protein corona formation are discussed. The possible solutions to these concerns are also discussed.
癌症发病率和死亡率的不断上升要求开发高效低毒的抗癌方法。近年来，光动力疗法（PDT）由于其非侵入性和低副作用的特点，在癌症治疗中受到了广泛关注。光敏剂（PS）是 PDT 的关键因素之一，其成功传递在很大程度上决定了 PDT 的效果。尽管有少数 PS 分子已被批准用于临床应用，但 PDT 仍受到 PS 低稳定性和肿瘤靶向能力差的限制。各种纳米材料系统在改善 PDT 方面显示出巨大的潜力，例如金属纳米粒子、基于石墨烯的纳米材料、脂质体、ROS 敏感纳米载体和超分子纳米材料。小分子 PS 可以负载在功能纳米材料中，以增强 PS 的稳定性和肿瘤靶向传递，一些功能化纳米材料本身也可以直接用作 PS。本文旨在全面了解 PDT，并总结基于纳米材料的 PS 和递药系统在抗癌 PDT 中的最新进展。此外，还讨论了基于纳米材料的 PDT 所面临的问题，包括低肿瘤靶向能力、有限的光穿透、缺氧和非特异性蛋白冠形成。还讨论了这些问题的可能解决方案。
