Cetinkaya Ahmet, Kaya S Irem, Ozcelikay Goksu, Budak Fatma, Ozkan Sibel A
Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey.
Gulhane Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Health Sciences, Ankara, Turkey.
Crit Rev Anal Chem. 2024 Aug;54(5):1227-1242. doi: 10.1080/10408347.2022.2109125. Epub 2022 Aug 9.
Nowadays, the rapid improvements in the medical and pharmaceutical fields increase the diversity and use of drugs. However, problems such as the use of multiple or combined drugs in the treatment of diseases and insensible use of over-the-counter drugs have caused concerns about the side-effect profiles and therapeutic ranges of drugs and environmental contamination and pollution problems due to pharmaceuticals waste. Therefore, the analysis of drugs in various media such as biological, pharmaceutical, and environmental samples is an important topic of discussion. Electrochemical methods are advantageous for sensor applications due to their easy application, low cost, versatility, high sensitivity, and environmentally-friendliness. Carbon nanomaterials such as diamond-like carbon thin films, carbon nanotubes, carbon nanofibers, graphene oxide, and nanodiamonds are used to enhance the performance of the electrochemical sensors with catalytic effects. To further improve this effect, it is aimed to create hybrid platforms by using different carbon nanomaterials together or with materials such as conductive polymers and ionic liquids. In this review, the most used carbon nanoforms will be evaluated in terms of electrochemical characterizations and physicochemical properties. Furthermore, the effect of hybrid platforms developed in the most recent studies on electrochemical sensors will be examined and evaluated in terms of drug analysis studies in the last five years.
如今，医学和制药领域的快速发展增加了药物的多样性和使用量。然而，疾病治疗中使用多种药物或联合用药以及非处方药的不合理使用等问题，引发了人们对药物副作用、治疗范围以及药物废弃物造成的环境污染问题的关注。因此，对生物、制药和环境样品等各种介质中的药物进行分析是一个重要的讨论话题。电化学方法因其易于应用、成本低、多功能性、高灵敏度和环境友好性，在传感器应用中具有优势。类金刚石碳薄膜、碳纳米管、碳纳米纤维、氧化石墨烯和纳米金刚石等碳纳米材料被用于通过催化作用提高电化学传感器的性能。为了进一步增强这种效果，人们旨在通过将不同的碳纳米材料与导电聚合物和离子液体等材料一起使用来创建混合平台。在这篇综述中，将根据电化学表征和物理化学性质对最常用的碳纳米形式进行评估。此外，还将根据过去五年的药物分析研究，对最近研究中开发的混合平台对电化学传感器的影响进行考察和评估。
