Fotooh Abadi Leila, Damiri Fouad, Zehravi Mehrukh, Joshi Rohit, Pai Rohan, Berrada Mohammed, Massoud Ehab El Sayed, Rahman Md Habibur, Rojekar Satish, Cavalu Simona
Department of Virology, Indian Council of Medical Research, National AIDS Research Institute, Pune 411026, Maharashtra, India.
Laboratory of Biomolecules and Organic Synthesis (BIOSYNTHO), Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences Ben M'Sick, University Hassan II of Casablanca, Casablanca 20000, Morocco.
Polymers (Basel). 2022 Jul 29;14(15):3090. doi: 10.3390/polym14153090.
Highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART) is prescribed for HIV infection and, to a certain extent, limits the infection's spread. However, it cannot completely eradicate the latent virus in remote and cellular reservoir areas, and due to the complex nature of the infection, the total eradication of HIV is difficult to achieve. Furthermore, monotherapy and multiple therapies are not of much help. Hence, there is a dire need for novel drug delivery strategies that may improve efficacy, decrease side effects, reduce dosing frequency, and improve patient adherence to therapy. Such a novel strategy could help to target the reservoir sites and eradicate HIV from different biological sanctuaries. In the current review, we have described HIV pathogenesis, the mechanism of HIV replication, and different biological reservoir sites to better understand the underlying mechanisms of HIV spread. Further, the review deliberates on the challenges faced by the current conventional drug delivery systems and introduces some novel drug delivery strategies that have been explored to overcome conventional drug delivery limitations. In addition, the review also summarizes several nanotechnology-based approaches that are being explored to resolve the challenges of HIV treatment by the virtue of delivering a variety of anti-HIV agents, either as combination therapies or by actively targeting HIV reservoir sites.
高效抗逆转录病毒疗法（HAART）被用于治疗HIV感染，在一定程度上限制了感染的传播。然而，它无法完全根除偏远和细胞储存区域中的潜伏病毒，而且由于感染的复杂性，很难实现HIV的完全根除。此外，单一疗法和多种疗法帮助不大。因此，迫切需要新的药物递送策略，以提高疗效、减少副作用、降低给药频率并提高患者的治疗依从性。这样一种新策略有助于靶向储存部位并从不同的生物庇护所中根除HIV。在本综述中，我们描述了HIV发病机制、HIV复制机制以及不同的生物储存部位，以便更好地理解HIV传播的潜在机制。此外，本综述探讨了当前传统药物递送系统面临的挑战，并介绍了一些为克服传统药物递送局限性而探索的新药物递送策略。此外，本综述还总结了几种基于纳米技术的方法，这些方法正在探索通过递送多种抗HIV药物（作为联合疗法或通过主动靶向HIV储存部位）来解决HIV治疗的挑战。
