Saadaat Ramin, Abdul-Ghafar Jamshid, Haidary Ahmed Maseh, Atta Nooria, Ali Tazeen Saeed
Department of Pathology and Clinical Laboratory, French Medical Institute for Mothers and Children (FMIC), Kabul, Afghanistan.
Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Kabul University of Medical Science (KUMS), Kabul, Afghanistan.
Cancer Manag Res. 2022 Aug 10;14:2445-2456. doi: 10.2147/CMAR.S372883. eCollection 2022.
Esophageal cancer (EC) is the most common cancer among males in Afghanistan, thus we aimed to conduct a case-control study to determine the associated risk factors with EC in two tertiary care hospitals of Kabul, Afghanistan.
We enrolled 132 EC cases and 132 controls and used conditional logistic regression to estimate the odds ratio (OR) with consideration of 95% confidence interval (CI).
The results of our study revealed that esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) was the predominant type of EC constituting 75.8% of the cases. The results of the multivariate logistic analysis showed that males and older ages were at increased risk of developing EC (OR: 4.62, 95%CI, -value=0.026) and (OR: 1.070, 95%CI, -value <0.001), respectively. In addition, living in rural areas (OR: 46.64, 95%CI, -value <0.001), being uneducated (OR: 13.94, 95%CI, -value=0.042), using oral snuff (OR: 6.10, 95%CI, -value=0.029), drinking hot tea (OR: 5.719, 95%CI, -value=0.005), lack of physical exercise (OR: 32.548, 95%CI, -value=0.001), less fresh fruit consumption (OR: 93.18, 95%CI, -value<0.001) and family history of cancer (OR: 14.50, 95%CI, -value=0.003) were significantly associated with the development of EC, while body mass index (BMI), smoking, alcohol drinking, consumption of spicy food and pickled vegetables did not have a significant association with EC. Moreover, the majority of the cases (83.3%) in our study were from to low-income families and the majority were unemployed (93.9%), of whom (50%) were farmers, who did not show statistically significant association.
Our study concluded that EC risk was higher in older ages, males, rural residents, uneducated people, oral-snuff users, hot tea drinkers, fewer fresh fruit consumers, lack of physical exercise, and family history of cancer. Further detailed studies and screening policies of the affected groups are suggested to further elaborate on the subject.
食管癌（EC）是阿富汗男性中最常见的癌症，因此我们旨在在阿富汗喀布尔的两家三级医疗医院开展一项病例对照研究，以确定与EC相关的危险因素。
我们纳入了132例EC病例和132例对照，并使用条件逻辑回归来估计比值比（OR），同时考虑95%置信区间（CI）。
我们的研究结果显示，食管鳞状细胞癌（ESCC）是EC的主要类型，占病例的75.8%。多因素逻辑分析结果表明，男性和年龄较大者患EC的风险增加（OR：4.62，95%CI，P值=0.026）和（OR：1.070，95%CI，P值<0.001）。此外，生活在农村地区（OR：46.64，95%CI，P值<0.001）、未受过教育（OR：13.94，95%CI，P值=0.042）、使用鼻烟（OR：6.10，95%CI，P值=0.029）、喝热茶（OR：5.719，95%CI，P值=0.005）、缺乏体育锻炼（OR：32.548，95%CI，P值=0.001）、较少食用新鲜水果（OR：93.18，95%CI，P值<0.001）以及癌症家族史（OR：14.50，95%CI，P值=0.003）与EC的发生显著相关，而体重指数（BMI）、吸烟、饮酒、食用辛辣食物和腌制蔬菜与EC无显著关联。此外，我们研究中的大多数病例（83.3%）来自低收入家庭，大多数人失业（93.9%），其中（50%）是农民，他们未显示出统计学上的显著关联。
我们的研究得出结论，年龄较大者、男性、农村居民、未受过教育者、鼻烟使用者、喝热茶者、较少食用新鲜水果者、缺乏体育锻炼者以及有癌症家族史者患EC的风险较高。建议对受影响群体进行进一步详细研究和筛查政策，以进一步阐明该主题。
