Urban-Chmiel Renata, Marek Agnieszka, Stępień-Pyśniak Dagmara, Wieczorek Kinga, Dec Marta, Nowaczek Anna, Osek Jacek
Department of Veterinary Prevention and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 20-033 Lublin, Poland.
Department of Hygiene of Food of Animal Origin, National Veterinary Research Institute, Partyzantów 57, 24-100 Puławy, Poland.
Antibiotics (Basel). 2022 Aug 9;11(8):1079. doi: 10.3390/antibiotics11081079.
A global problem of multi-drug resistance (MDR) among bacteria is the cause of hundreds of thousands of deaths every year. In response to the significant increase of MDR bacteria, legislative measures have widely been taken to limit or eliminate the use of antibiotics, including in the form of feed additives for livestock, but also in metaphylaxis and its treatment, which was the subject of EU Regulation in 2019/6. Numerous studies have documented that bacteria use both phenotypis and gentic strategies enabling a natural defence against antibiotics and the induction of mechanisms in increasing resistance to the used antibacterial chemicals. The mechanisms presented in this review developed by the bacteria have a significant impact on reducing the ability to combat bacterial infections in humans and animals. Moreover, the high prevalence of multi-resistant strains in the environment and the ease of transmission of drug-resistance genes between the different bacterial species including commensal flora and pathogenic like foodborne pathogens (, spp., spp., spp., spp., spp.) favor the rapid spread of multi-resistance among bacteria in humans and animals. Given the global threat posed by the widespread phenomenon of multi-drug resistance among bacteria which are dangerous for humans and animals, the subject of this study is the presentation of the mechanisms of resistance in most frequent bacteria called as "foodborne pathoges" isolated from human and animals. In order to present the significance of the global problem related to multi-drug resistance among selected pathogens, especially those danger to humans, the publication also presents statistical data on the percentage range of occurrence of drug resistance among selected bacteria in various regions of the world. In addition to the phenotypic characteristics of pathogen resistance, this review also presents detailed information on the detection of drug resistance genes for specific groups of antibiotics. It should be emphasized that the manuscript also presents the results of own research i.e., spp., or spp. This subject and the presentation of data on the risks of drug resistance among bacteria will contribute to initiating research in implementing the prevention of drug resistance and the development of alternatives for antimicrobials methods of controlling bacteria.
细菌中的多重耐药性（MDR）这一全球性问题每年导致数十万人死亡。为应对多重耐药菌的显著增加，已广泛采取立法措施来限制或消除抗生素的使用，包括以牲畜饲料添加剂的形式，以及在群体预防及其治疗中使用，这也是2019/6号欧盟法规的主题。众多研究表明，细菌利用表型和遗传策略实现对抗生素的天然防御，并诱导产生对所用抗菌化学物质耐药性增强的机制。本综述中介绍的细菌所产生的这些机制，对降低人类和动物对抗细菌感染的能力有重大影响。此外，环境中多重耐药菌株的高流行率以及耐药基因在不同细菌物种（包括共生菌群和食源性病原体等致病性病原体，如 spp.、 spp.、 spp.、 spp.、 spp.）之间易于传播，有利于耐药性在人类和动物体内的细菌中迅速传播。鉴于对人类和动物具有危险性的细菌中广泛存在的多重耐药现象所构成的全球威胁，本研究的主题是介绍从人和动物中分离出的最常见的被称为“食源性病原体”的细菌的耐药机制。为了说明与选定病原体（尤其是对人类有危险的病原体）中的多重耐药性相关的全球问题的重要性，该出版物还提供了世界各地不同区域选定细菌中耐药发生率百分比范围的统计数据。除了病原体耐药性的表型特征外，本综述还介绍了针对特定抗生素组的耐药基因检测的详细信息。应该强调的是，该手稿还展示了自身的研究结果，即 spp.、 或 spp.。这个主题以及关于细菌耐药风险的数据呈现，将有助于启动关于实施耐药性预防和开发抗菌控制细菌替代方法的研究。
