Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Birkat Al Mauz, P.O. Box 33, Nizwa 616, Oman.
Department of Chemistry, University of Malakand, Chakdara Dir Lower 18800, Pakistan.
Molecules. 2022 Aug 15;27(16):5197. doi: 10.3390/molecules27165197.
The present analysis explores the chemical constituents and determines the in vitro antimicrobial, antidiabetic, and antioxidant significance of the essential oils (EOs) of the stem, leaves, and flowers of Ochradenus arabicus for the first time. The EOs of the flowers presented seventy-four constituents contributing to 81.46% of the total EOs, with the major compounds being 24-norursa-3,12-diene (13.06%), 24-norursa-3,12-dien-11-one (6.61%), and 24-noroleana-3,12-diene (6.25%). The stem EOs with sixty-one compounds contributed 95.95% of the total oil, whose main bioactive compounds were (+)-camphene (21.50%), eremophilene (5.87%), and δ-selinene (5.03%), while a minimum of fifty-one compounds in the leaves’ EOs (98.75%) were found, with the main constituents being n-hexadecanoic acid (12.32%), octacosane (8.62%), tetradecanoic acid (8.54%), and prehydro fersenyl acetone (7.27%). The antimicrobial activity of the EOs of O. arabicus stem, leaves, and flowers was assessed against two bacterial strains (Escherichia coli and Streptococcus aureus) and two fungal strains (Penicillium simplicissimum and Rhizoctonia solani) via the disc diffusion assay. However, the EOs extracted from the stem were found effective against one bacterial strain, E. coli, and one fungal strain, R. Solani, among the examined microbes in comparison to the standard and negative control. The tested EOs samples of the O. arabicus stem displayed a maximum potential to cure diabetes with an IC50 = 0.40 ± 0.10 µg/mL, followed by leaves and flowers with an IC50 = 0.71 ± 0.11 µg/mL and IC50 = 10.57 ± 0.18 µg/mL, respectively, as compared to the standard acarbose (IC50 = 377.26 ± 1.20 µg/mL). In addition, the EOs of O. arabicus flowers had the highest antioxidant activity (IC50 = 106.40 ± 0.19 µg/mL) as compared to the standard ascorbic acid (IC50 = 73.20 ± 0.17 µg/mL) using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay. In the ABTS assay, the EOs of the same sample (flower) depicted the utmost potential to scavenge the free radicals with an IC50 = 178.0 ± 0.14 µg/mL as compared with the ascorbic acid, having an IC50 of 87.34 ± 0.10 µg/mL the using 2,2-Azino-Bis-3-Ethylbenzothiazoline-6-Sulfonic acid (ABTS) assay. The EOs of all parts of O. arabicus have useful bioactive components due to which they present antidiabetic and antioxidant significance. Furthermore, additional investigations are considered necessary to expose the responsible components of the examined biological capabilities, which would be effective in the production of innovative drugs.
本分析首次探索了 Ochradenus arabicus 茎、叶和花的精油的化学成分，并确定了其体外抗菌、抗糖尿病和抗氧化的意义。花的精油含有 74 种成分，占总精油的 81.46%，主要化合物为 24-降熊果烷-3,12-二烯（13.06%）、24-降熊果烷-3,12-二烯-11-酮（6.61%）和 24-降齐墩果烷-3,12-二烯（6.25%）。茎的精油含有 61 种化合物，占总油的 95.95%，其主要生物活性化合物为（+）-莰烯（21.50%）、艾里莫芬（5.87%）和 δ-环沙烯（5.03%），而叶的精油中至少有 51 种化合物（98.75%），主要成分是正十六烷酸（12.32%）、二十八烷（8.62%）、十四烷酸（8.54%）和预氢化法呢基丙酮（7.27%）。通过圆盘扩散法评估了 O. arabicus 茎、叶和花的精油对两种细菌（大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌）和两种真菌（构巢曲霉和立枯丝核菌）的抗菌活性。然而，与标准和阴性对照相比，从茎中提取的精油对测试的微生物中的一种细菌菌株大肠杆菌和一种真菌菌株立枯丝核菌有效。O. arabicus 茎的测试精油样品显示出最大的治愈糖尿病的潜力，IC50 = 0.40 ± 0.10 µg/mL，其次是叶和花，IC50 = 0.71 ± 0.11 µg/mL 和 IC50 = 10.57 ± 0.18 µg/mL，与标准阿卡波糖（IC50 = 377.26 ± 1.20 µg/mL）相比。此外，与标准抗坏血酸（IC50 = 73.20 ± 0.17 µg/mL）相比，O. arabicus 花的精油在 2,2-二苯基-1-苦基肼（DPPH）测定中具有最高的抗氧化活性（IC50 = 106.40 ± 0.19 µg/mL）。在 ABTS 测定中，相同样品（花）的精油显示出最大的清除自由基的潜力，IC50 = 178.0 ± 0.14 µg/mL，而抗坏血酸的 IC50 为 87.34 ± 0.10 µg/mL，使用 2,2-偶氮-双-3-乙基苯并噻唑啉-6-磺酸（ABTS）测定法。O. arabicus 所有部分的精油都具有有用的生物活性成分，因此它们具有抗糖尿病和抗氧化的意义。此外，考虑到需要进行进一步的研究以揭示负责这些生物功能的成分，这将有助于生产创新药物。
