Centre for Ethics, Law and Mental Health (CELAM), University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
Department of Psychology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
PeerJ. 2022 Aug 26;10:e13956. doi: 10.7717/peerj.13956. eCollection 2022.
Personality is the major predictor of people's subjective well-being (, positive affect, negative affect, and life satisfaction). Recent research in countries with high-income and strong self-transcendent values shows that well-being depends on multidimensional configurations of temperament and character traits (., Joint Personality Networks) that regulate the way people learn to adapt their habits to be in accord with their goals and values, rather than individual traits. To evaluate the prevalence and the associations of different Joint Personality (temperament-character) Networks with well-being in a low-income country with weak self-transcendent values, we tested their association in Bulgarian adults, a population known to have strong secular-rationalist values but weak self-transcendent values.
The sample consisted of 443 individuals from Bulgaria (68.70% females) with a mean age of 34 years ( = 15.05). Participants self-reported personality (Temperament and Character Inventory), affect (Positive Affect Negative Affect Schedule), and life satisfaction (Satisfaction with Life Scale). The personality scores were used for profiling through latent profile analysis and latent class analysis based on temperament configurations (, Temperament Profiles) of high/low scores of Novelty Seeking (N/n), Harm Avoidance (H/h), Reward Dependence (R/r), and Persistence (P/s); and character configurations (, Character Profiles) of high/low scores of Self-Directedness (S/s), Cooperativeness (C/c), and Self-Transcendence (T/t).
We found two Temperament Profiles and two Character Profiles that clustered into two distinctive Joint Personality Networks. All individuals in Joint Personality Network 1 had a Reliable (nhRP) Temperament Profile in combination with an Organized (SCt) Character Profile (, a stable temperament and a healthy character configuration). About 71.9% in Joint Personality Network 2 had an Apathetic (sct) Character Profile in combination with Methodical (nHrp) or Reliable (nhRP) Temperament Profiles, while 28.1% had a Methodical (nHrp) Temperament Profile in combination with an Organized (SCt) Character Profile. Few people with high self-expressive values (, high in all three character traits; SCT) were found. Individuals with a Joint Personality Network 1 with strong secular-rationalist values reported higher levels of positive affect and life satisfaction ( < .001), while individuals with a Joint Personality Network 2 reported higher levels of negative affect ( < .001).
Although a stable temperament and a healthy character were separately important for well-being, it was clear that it was the interaction between such temperament and character configuration that yielded greater levels of subjective well-being. Nevertheless, future research needs to investigate this interaction further to evaluate other cultures with variable configurations of personality traits and values.
个性是人们主观幸福感（积极情绪、消极情绪和生活满意度）的主要预测因素。最近在高收入国家和具有强烈自我超越价值观的国家进行的研究表明，幸福感取决于气质和性格特征的多维配置（联合人格网络），这些特征调节着人们学习适应目标和价值观的习惯的方式，而不是个体特征。为了评估在一个具有弱自我超越价值观的低收入国家中不同联合人格（气质-性格）网络的普遍性及其与幸福感的关联，我们在保加利亚成年人中测试了它们的关联，保加利亚人以具有强烈的世俗理性主义价值观但弱自我超越价值观而闻名。
该样本由 443 名来自保加利亚的个体组成（68.70%为女性），平均年龄为 34 岁（均数=15.05）。参与者自我报告了个性（气质和性格量表）、情绪（积极情绪和消极情绪量表）和生活满意度（生活满意度量表）。个性得分用于通过基于气质配置（高/低新颖寻求分数的气质图谱）的潜在剖面分析和潜在类别分析进行分析（，气质图谱），高/低分数的回避（H/h）、奖励依赖（R/r）和坚持（P/s）；以及基于性格配置（高/低自我导向分数的性格图谱）的分析（，性格图谱），高/低分数的合作（C/c）和自我超越（T/t）。
我们发现了两种气质图谱和两种性格图谱，它们聚类成两种不同的联合人格网络。联合人格网络 1 中的所有个体都有可靠的（nhRP）气质图谱，结合有组织的（SCt）性格图谱（，稳定的气质和健康的性格配置）。大约 71.9%的联合人格网络 2 具有冷漠（sct）性格图谱，结合有条理（nHrp）或可靠（nhRP）气质图谱，而 28.1%的人具有有条理（nHrp）气质图谱，结合有组织的（SCt）性格图谱。很少发现具有高自我表现价值观的人（，所有三个性格特征都很高；SCT）。具有强烈世俗理性主义价值观的个体报告了更高水平的积极情绪和生活满意度（<0.001），而具有联合人格网络 2 的个体报告了更高水平的消极情绪（<0.001）。
尽管稳定的气质和健康的性格对幸福感都是重要的，但很明显，正是这种气质和性格配置的相互作用产生了更高水平的主观幸福感。然而，未来的研究需要进一步研究这种相互作用，以评估具有不同人格特征和价值观的其他文化。
